跨文化交際unit6verbalcommunication市公開課金獎市賽課一等獎?wù)n件

跨文化交際I

INTERCULTURALCOMMUNICATIONCHAPTER5VERBALCOMMUNICATION第1頁Languagehelpsincommunicatingwithpeoplefromdifferentbackground.Howeverwemaybelessawarethatculturalliteracyisnecessaryinordertounderstandthelanguagebeingused.Ifweselectlanguagewithoutbeingawareoftheculturalimplications,wemayatleastcommunicatewellandatworstsentthewronglanguage.(Beamer,L.andVarner,IInterculturalcommunicationintheGlobalWorkplace.NewYork,NY:Teachingobjectives:InthispartyouareexpectedtounderstandsomecommonlyobserveddifferencesbetweenChineseandEnglishverbalcommunicationandlearntomakecross-culturalcomparisonsandanalysisinthefollowingaspects.1.culturaldifferencesintheattitudetowardsvoicedandunvoicedcommunication.2.culturaldifferencesonthelexicallevel;3.culturaldifferencesonthesyntacticallevel;4.culturaldifferencesondiscourselevel;5.culturaldifferencesonthepragmaticlevel6.translationproblemsandlanguageunderstanding第2頁引言:各民族語言是自足.處于不一樣語言世界里人,即使面對同一個現(xiàn)實面向,也會在描述它時沿著各自思緒,采取不一樣策略,刻畫出不一樣版本.正如維特根斯坦所言:我語言就是我疆界,跨出我生于其中語言,冒險與隔膜就開始了.語言與文化緊密相連,不可分割;語言是文化一部分.Cultureandlanguageareintertwinedandareshapingeachother.Eachtimeweselectwords,formsentences,andsendamassage,eitheroralorwritten,wealsomakeculturalchoices.Language:asystemofarbitrarilychosen,conventionalized,vocal,graphicorgesturesymbolsservingtheneedsofcommunicationamongthemembersofagivencommunity.第3頁ThepowerofverbalcommunicationⅠ.culturaldifferencesonlexicallevel(cases)1.typesoflexicalmeaningWordsarethebasicunitsofmeaning.Understandingthemeaningofwordsis,thereforecriticaltothesharingofmeaningsconveyedinverbalcommunication.Twotypesoflexicalmeaning:Denotation:theconceptualmeaningofthewordthatdescribesthings,eventsorprocesses.Itistheprimary,explicitmeaninggiveninthedefinitionofawordinadictionary.第4頁2)connotation:referstotheemotionalorstylisticassociationsthatawordorphrasesuggestsinone’smind.Itistheimplicit,supplementaryvaluewhichisaddedtothepurelydenotativemeaningofawordorphrase.?Meaningsofwordsarepersonal.?Meaningsofwordsarealsoculturespecific.Culturaldifferencesindenotativemeaning:1).Absenceofreferentinthespeakerorlistener’slanguage.Each

culturecreatesvocabularytodescribeitsuniquephysicalandsocialenvironmentaswellastheactivitiesitspeopleengagedinthosecontexts.Sotheabsenceofcertainobjectsinoneculturewillnaturallyresultsintheabsenceofthenecessaryvocabularytorefertothem.)

第5頁2)overlappingofdenotativemeaningInadditiontototalequivalenceofwordsandabsenceequivalenceindenotingofcertainreferents,culturesalsooverlapinthedenotationofcertainvocabulary.3.Culturaldifferencesinconnotativemeaning1)wordswithsamedenotationbutdifferentconnotation.

a.colorwordsb.animalwordsc.numbers第6頁Ⅱ.Culturaldifferencesonsyntacticlevel

comparethefollowingtwosentences:

1.Keepingabasicbalanceofinternationalpaymentsisanimportantconditionforachievingsustainandsmootheconomicdevelopment…Lastyear,China’simportincreasedconsiderablyanditsgrowthofexportwasrelativelyslow,thusresultsinafairlyhugetradedeficit.2.Animportantconditionforachievingsteadyeconomicdevelopmentistomaintainabasicbalanceofinternationalpayments...Lastyearimportsincreasedconsiderablywhileexportsgrewrelativelyslowly,withtheresultsthattherewasahugetradedeficit.第7頁1.paratacticstructurevs.hypotacticstructureParataxis:thearrangingofclausesoneafteranotherwithoutconnectivesshowingtherelationbetweenthem.Hypotaxis:dependedrelationorconstruction.Examples:1明早還趕路呢，去睡吧！Gotobednowasyou’llsetoutearlytommorrow.2.快點！遲到了會埃訓(xùn)。Hurryup!You’llbecriticizedifyouarelate.第8頁枯藤，老樹，昏鴉，小橋，流水，人家，古道，西風(fēng)，瘦馬，夕陽西下，斷腸人在天涯。Crowshoveringoverruggedoldtreeswreathedwithrottenvine---thedayisaboutdone.Yonderisatinybridgeoverasparklingstream,Andonthefarbank,aprettylittlevillage.Butthetravelerhastogodownthisancientroad,thewestwindmoaning,hisbonyhorsegroaning,trudgingtowardsthesinkingsun,fartherandfartherawayfromhome.第9頁2.Leftexpansionvs.rightexpansionExample：中：第二次世界大戰(zhàn)后，因為科學(xué)和技術(shù)發(fā)展進(jìn)入新時期，我們生后發(fā)生了很大改變。英：OurlifehasbeengreatlychangedthankstothenewageofscienceandtechnologysincetheSecondWorldWar.第10頁3.Bamboostructurevs.treestructures

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theboyaparcel第11頁ⅢCulturaldifferencesondiscourselevel1.Discourse:apieceofspeechorwriting.Itmaybeasshortasanchangeofgreetings,oraslongasalectureoranessay.胡壯麟先生：“語篇指任何不完全受句子與法約束，在一定語境下表示完整意義自然語言”----《語篇銜接與連貫》

第12頁Peopleindifferentculturesshowconsiderabledifferencesintheirpreferenceoverthewaysaspokenorwrittendiscourseisorganizedordelivered.Inthissection,wewillapproachthediscoursedifferencesbetweenEnglishandChinesefromtheperspectiveofform,styleandorganizationwithafocusonthewrittendiscourseinthetwolanguages.第13頁2.Coherence&Cohesion

Coherence:unbrokenmovement.(Awriterorspeakerislikeapianistwhohopestoplayacompositionfrombeginningtotheendwithoutstopping.He/shetriestomovesmoothlyinpresentinghisorhermainideaCohesion:themeanstoachievecoherence.第14頁Coherence&Cohesionarethenaturalorreasonableconnectioninthoughtsandwordsthatresultsfromthepresentationofallpartsinlogicalrelationswhereascohesionisthemeanstoachievecoherence.所謂信息自然合理鏈接，其自然性與合理性源于對信息有邏輯性編排與組合。我們通常把銜接與連貫相提并論是因為二者本身關(guān)系密不可分，銜接是達(dá)成連貫伎倆。Grimes（格萊姆斯）在《語篇經(jīng)緯》中指出：銜接是使正在說內(nèi)容與已經(jīng)說過內(nèi)容含有聯(lián)絡(luò)。他認(rèn)為：“銜接關(guān)系是累進(jìn)，直線，包含怎樣保持已知信息和引入信息方法”。第15頁3.Differentemphasisonform

3.1

Englishspeakerorwriterusesthetechniquesoftransition,repetition,parallelstructuresetc.toholdthesentencesandparagraphstogetherandatthesametimecreateastrongunityofideas.eg.(….)Comparativelyspeaking,Chinesewritingputmoreemphasisontheconnectionofmeaningbetweensentencesandparagraphs;theformalconnectioncouldbeoverlookedifmeaningiswellexpressed.(liesinmeaningbetweenlines.)第16頁e.g.西湖如明鏡，千峰凝翠，洞壑幽深，風(fēng)光綺麗。TheWestLakeislikeamirror,embellishedallaroundwithgreenhillsanddeepcavesofenchantingbeauty.人言鼎沸Manypeopletalkedtogetherandthenoiseislikethebubblingofwaterboilinginacauldron.第17頁3.2“readerresponsible”vs.“writerresponsibleChinese:dependsalotonthecontext.Itisassumedthatthereaderandthewriterhavesharedknowledgeofthecontextandthebackgroundinformation,sothereadercantaketheresponsibilityoffindingconnectionsbetweenwordsandparagraphs.English:communicationbetweenthereaderandthewriterdependsmostlyonthelanguageusedandlinguisticforms.第18頁Discussion:Ofstudies荀子《勸學(xué)》第19頁4.DifferentstylepreferenceChinese:prefertousedescriptivewordsandphrases,especiallyfour-characteridioms,quotationsfromwell-knownpeople,variouskindsoffiguresofspeech,toaddstrengthandbeautytotheirwriting.English:simplelanguageandplainstyle.e.g.第20頁5.DifferentwaysoforganizationChinese:(holisticandcyclicalpatternofthinking)approachtheirthemesfromgeneralcoveragetospecificdiscussions.Themostimportantmessageorexpositionisnottoucheduponuntilallrelevantbackgroundinformationisprovided.English:(linearandrationalwayofthinking)donotdeveloptheirwritinginaround-aboutway;gettothepointatthebeginning,startingwiththeintroductionofatopicorthesis,whichisdevelopedcloselyrelatedsupportingdetails.Withthedetailsbeinglogicallychainedtogether,thetopicorthethesisisprovedtobetrue.第21頁6.Differentwaysofdevelopment

Chinese:developcyclically,movinginacircle,tendingtocomebackormovingaroundthefirstlevelinsteadofmovingforwardtomorespecificdetails.Itisusuallyregardedbynativespeakerasunderdevelopmentorillogicalandconfusing.English:tendtoacceptthedirectbutparticularisticapproachandtheiremphasisisonspecificationratherthangenerality.第22頁Chinese:moresubjectiveinpresentingviews;notskillfulinpresentingtheirpointswithstatisticsorevidence;English:arerequiredtopresentviewsobjectivelyandsupportviewswithinformationoffacts,evidence,dataetc.第23頁Chinese:liketoresorttothereviewbyhistoryinsteadofdirectlydevelopingthetopic;English:donotusuallytalkabouthistoryandgivecomparisonofthepast.第24頁Chinese:preferparallelstructuresinawayofwordform,phraseandsentenceform.English:dotnotnormallyuseitasthekeystructureinthewholeparagraphinarepetitivewaystodevelopthesentence.第25頁Electricityhasbeenplayinganimportantroleinmanyaspectseversinceitsdiscovery.Beforethediscoverypeoplehadbeenlivinginthedarkness,withoutmodernelectriclight,radio,washingmachines,videosandcomputer.Now,weareenjoyingeverythingtheworldcouldoffer.Itiselectricitythatdrivesawaythedarkness,modernizesourindustry,acceleratesthefarmerproductiveprocessanddramatizesourpresentlives.第26頁Electricityhasplayedanimportantroleinmanyaspectseversinceitsdiscovery.Ithasmodernizedourcountryanddevelopedoureconomy,makingourindustrystrongerandproducingmoreprofit.Besid