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書山有路勤為徑,學(xué)海無涯苦作舟!住在富人區(qū)的她考研考博-英語-廣東女子職業(yè)技術(shù)學(xué)院考試押題卷含答案詳解(圖片大小可自由調(diào)整)全文為Word可編輯,若為PDF皆為盜版,請(qǐng)謹(jǐn)慎購(gòu)買!第I卷一.綜合題庫-全考點(diǎn)押密(共100題)1.單選題
Questions12to15arebasedonthepassageyouhavejustheard.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.Therecentfindingofachangedgeneinobesemice.
B.Abreakthroughinunderstandinggenemodification.
C.Anewlydiscoveredwayforpeopletoloseweight.
D.Theself-repairingabilityofageneinobesemice.
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Itrendersanorganismunabletofightdiseases.
B.Itpreventsthemice’sfattytissuesfromgrowing.
C.Ithelpsorganismsadapttoenvironmentalchanges.
D.Itrendersmiceunabletosensewhentostopeating.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Humanbeingshavemoreobesitygenesthanmostmicedo.
B.Halfofaperson’stotalweightvariationcanbecontrolled.
C.Peoplearebornwithatendencytohaveacertainweight.
D.Thefunctionoftheobesitygenesisyettobeexplored.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.Theworseningofnaturalenvironment.
B.Theabundantprovisionofrichfoods.
C.Theacceleratedpaceofpresent-daylife.
D.Theadverseimpactofthefoodindustry.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:D
第3題:C
第4題:B
【解析】PassageTwo
[12]Publicinterestwasarousedbythelatestdiscoveryofachangedgeneinobesemice.ThenewswasmadeknownbyRockefellerUniversitygeneticistJeffreyFriedman.Theresearchersbelievethisgeneinfluencesdevelopmentofahormonethattellsorganismhowfatorfullitis.[13]Thosewiththechangedgenemaynotsensewhentheyhaveeatenenoughoriftheyhavesufficientfattytissue,andthuscan’ttellwhentostopeating.
Theresearchersalsoreportedfindingagenenearlyidenticaltothemouseobesitygeneinhumans.Theoperationofthisgeneinhumanshasnotyetbeendemonstrated,however.[14]Still,professionalslikeUniversityofVermontpsychologistEstherRothblumreactedenthusiastically,“Thisresearchindicatesthatpeoplereallyarebornwithatendencytohaveacertainweight,justastheyaretohaveaparticularskincolororheight.”
Actually,behavioralgeneticistsbelievethatlessthanhalfofthetotalweightvariationisprogrammedinthegenes,whileheightisalmostentirelygeneticallydetermined.Whateverrolegenesplay,Americansaregettingfatter.AsurveybytheCenterforDiseaseControlfoundthatobesityhasincreasedgreatlyoverthelast10years.[15]SuchrapidchangeunderlinestheroleofenvironmentalfactorsliketheabundanceofrichfoodsinAmericans’overeating.TheCenterforDiseaseControlhasalsofoundthatteensarefarlessphysicallyactivethantheywereevenadecadeago.
Acceptingthatweightispredeterminedcanrelieveguiltforoverweightpeople.Butpeople’sbeliefthattheycannotcontroltheirweightcanitselfcontributetoobesity.
12.Whatdoesthespeakersayhasarousedpublicinterest?
【試題答案】A
【試題解析】題目問什么事引起了公眾的興趣。錄音一開頭便指出,最近在肥鼠身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了變異基因,這一發(fā)現(xiàn)引起了公眾的興趣,A選項(xiàng)“最近在肥鼠身上發(fā)現(xiàn)了變異基因”是錄音原文的復(fù)現(xiàn),因此正確。B選項(xiàng)“在理解基因改造方面實(shí)現(xiàn)突破”;C選項(xiàng)“人們減肥的新方法”和D選項(xiàng)“肥鼠身上某種基因的自我修復(fù)能力”在錄音中沒有信息提及,均可排除。
13.Whatdowelearnaboutthechangedgene?
【試題答案】D
【試題解析】題目問的是關(guān)于變異基因的相關(guān)信息。錄音指出,那些攜帶變異基因的老鼠在過量進(jìn)食時(shí),自身卻渾然不覺,因此不知道什么時(shí)候應(yīng)該停止進(jìn)食,D選項(xiàng)“它使老鼠無法感覺到何時(shí)停止進(jìn)食”與錄音原文表述一致,因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“它使生物體無法抵抗疾病”和C選項(xiàng)“它幫助生物體適應(yīng)環(huán)境變化”在錄音中沒有信息提及;B選項(xiàng)“它阻止老鼠身上脂肪組織的生長(zhǎng)”,錄音中提及那些攜帶變異基因的老鼠無法感知自身是否有足夠的脂肪組織,因此B選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤。
14.WhatdoesUniversityofVermontpsychologistEstherRothblumsay?
【試題答案】C
【試題解析】題目問佛蒙特大學(xué)的心理學(xué)家EstherRothblum說了什么?錄音說到了EstherRothblum的觀點(diǎn):該研究表明,人天生就有一定的體重傾向,就像膚色和身高一樣。C選項(xiàng)“人天生就有某種體重的傾向”與原文表述一致,因此正確。A選項(xiàng)“人的肥胖基因比老鼠的多”,錄音中并沒有將二者進(jìn)行比較,因此可排除;B選項(xiàng)“有一半的影響體重的變量是可控的”,錄音中只是提及:影響體重的變量中,不到一半由基因決定。至于其他的變量可控不可控并沒有指明,該選項(xiàng)屬于推斷過度;D選項(xiàng)“肥胖基因的功能尚待探索”,這并不是EstherRothblum的觀點(diǎn),因此可排除。
15.WhataccountsforAmericans’obesityaccordingtoasurveybytheCenterforDiseaseControl?
【試題答案】B
【試題解析】題目問根據(jù)疾病控制中心的調(diào)查,美國(guó)人肥胖的原因是什么。錄音提到,過去十年美國(guó)肥胖的人越來越多,這一急劇增長(zhǎng)的變化彰顯了一些“環(huán)境因素”的影響,例如,豐富的食物。B選項(xiàng)中的abundantprovisionofrichfoods是錄音中abundanceofrichfoods的同義替換,因此B選項(xiàng)“豐富食物的充足供應(yīng)”正確。A選項(xiàng)“自然環(huán)境的惡化”主要是利用錄音中的environmentalfactors作干擾,實(shí)際上錄音中說的是社會(huì)環(huán)境而不是自然環(huán)境,因此A選項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;C選項(xiàng)“現(xiàn)今生活節(jié)奏的加快”和D選項(xiàng)“食品業(yè)的不利影響”在錄音中均未提及,因此排除。
2.單選題
Avilesmellhungintheair.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.burnt
B.unpleasant
C.sweet
D.fruity
【答案】B
【解析】句意:空氣中彌漫著一股難聞的氣味。vile意為邪惡的,骯臟的。選項(xiàng)B更符合句意所表達(dá)的意思。
3.單選題
Itrainedheavily,and()afloodcamedestroyingeverythinginthevalley.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.consequently
B.yet
C.subsequently
D.thus
【答案】A
【解析】考查副詞詞義辨析。consequently“因此,結(jié)果”;yet“但是”;subsequently“隨后,后來”;thus“因此,從而”。句意:雨下得很大,______洪水摧毀了山谷中的一切??崭裉幒笫谴笥暝斐傻慕Y(jié)果,因此選項(xiàng)A符合題意。
4.單選題
Thisstudyinvolvesmonitoringthesleep()of100mentallyhealthypeopleaged45to80.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.orders
B.rules
C.patterns
D.characters
【答案】D
【解析】考查名詞辨析。A選項(xiàng)orders“順序;命令”;B選項(xiàng)rules“規(guī)則”;C選項(xiàng)patterns“模式”;D選項(xiàng)characters“特征”。句意:這項(xiàng)研究包括監(jiān)測(cè)100名45歲至80歲精神健康的人的睡眠()。根據(jù)語境,睡眠和characters“特征”搭配比較合理。因此D選項(xiàng)正確。
5.單選題
Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone,sosheisthemost(
)memberofourfamily.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.rusty
B.impetuous
C.congenial
D.imperious
【答案】C
【解析】考查形容詞辨析。rusty意為“生銹的,腐蝕的”;impetuous意為“魯莽的,沖動(dòng)的,輕率的”;congenial意為“意氣相投的,情趣相投的,合得來的”;imperious意為“專橫的,蠻橫的,盛氣凌人的”。由前面的Shegetsalongverywellwitheveryone(她和大家相處得很好)可知她是個(gè)容易相處的人,因此選C。
句意:她和大家相處得很好,所以她是我們家最容易相處的人。
6.單選題
TheSpaceAge(
)inOctober1957whenthefirstartificialsatellitewaslaunchedbytheSovietUnion.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.initiated
B.originated
C.embarked
D.commenced
【答案】D
【解析】考察動(dòng)詞詞義辨析。initiate“開始,發(fā)起,創(chuàng)始”;;originate“發(fā)源,來自”;embark“開始”;commence“開始”。句意:太空時(shí)代開始于1957年10月,第一顆人造衛(wèi)星是由蘇聯(lián)發(fā)射升空的。選項(xiàng)D符合題意。
7.翻譯題
ReadthefollowingtextcarefullyandthentranslatetheunderlinedsegmentsintoChinese.YourtranslationshouldbewrittenneatlyontheANSWERSHEET.(10points)
AsIhavesuggested,thenewbreedofinvestorshadbeenplayingwithinformationandturningitintomoney,anotherkindofinformation.However,theFederalReserveBankknewthatoncethegapbetweeninvestmentandproductionbecametoolarge,thesituationwouldresultincrisis.Nowthatithadhappened,onBlackMonday,whatwastobedone?(46)Theanswer,paradoxically,wastoinvestmoremoney—thatis,moreinformation—inthesystem.Evenattheriskoflosingthemoneyimmediately.Thiswouldshoreupthevaluemadefrominformationwithmoreinformation.Andinthisway,themarketwouldquicklyregainitscomposure.Therewas,ofcourse,nocauseforalarmonceinvestors’riskswerecoveredbythegovernment’srisk,thatis,bythewholeeconomyputtingitselfontheline.(47)Thatattitude,however,isboundtogenerateaseriesofotherfruitfulcrises,whichmayeventuallyteachusathingortwoabouttheshortcomingsofrepresentationalmoneyasamediumforsocialdevelopment.
Crisisisthemomentofchange,ofmetamorphosis:wecanimaginethatacaterpillarisindeepcrisisatthemomentitturnsintoabutterfly.Weallthinkthatthewordcrisismeanssomethingterrible,butitdoesn’t.Itmeanssomethingclever,peacefulandgood.CrisiscomesfromtheancientGreekwordkrino,whichmeans“toevaluate,judgeordecide.”Acrisisisatimeforjudgmentandanobjectofjudgment.(48)Thoughmanycrisesareoccasionedbytrulyunpredictableoccurrences,manymorearisefromthebreakdownofoldsystemsastheyareovertakenbythenew.TheBhopaldisasterinIndia,whichclaimedover4,000livesandinjuredmorethan400,000inaneruptionofitsdangerouschemicalMethylIsocyanate(MIC),mighthavebeenpredicted—ifnotaverted—bytrackingthesafetyrecordsofthelocalmanagementwhichactuallyprovedtobeappallinglynegligentandirresponsible.(49)Butarealbreakthroughwasthesuddendiscoveryofthenewcontextofpublicaccountabilityprovidedbyelectroniccommunications.Wehaveallbecomeourbrother’skeepersintheworldofinstantcommunications.Facingacrisis,manypeoplewastetheirtimewatchingtheoldordergodown,deploringtheirfateandregrettingtheworldthathasgoneby.(50)Butittakescriticaljudgmentincriticaltimestounderstandthattherealstoryiswhat’scoming.Thenthetaskofdecidingiseasyandfascinating.
【答案】【參考譯文】
46.矛盾的是,答案是向系統(tǒng)投資更多的錢,也就是更多的信息。即使冒著馬上失去金錢的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
47.然而,這種態(tài)度必然會(huì)產(chǎn)生一系列其他富有成效的危機(jī),這些危機(jī)最終可能會(huì)給我們一些關(guān)于代表性貨幣作為社會(huì)發(fā)展媒介的缺點(diǎn)的教訓(xùn)。
48.盡管許多危機(jī)是由真正不可預(yù)測(cè)的事件引起的,但更多的是出現(xiàn)在舊體制的崩潰中,因?yàn)樗鼈儽恍麦w制所取代。
49.但真正的突破是由電子通信提供的公共問責(zé)的新背景的突然發(fā)現(xiàn)。
50.但在關(guān)鍵時(shí)刻需要有批判性的判斷力才能理解真實(shí)的故事是什么。那么做決定的任務(wù)就很簡(jiǎn)單,也很吸引人。
8.單選題
Packedlikesardinesintosweaty,claustrophobicsubwaycarriages,passengerscanbarelybreathe,________moveaboutfreely.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.aswellas
B.disregardfor
C.letalone
D.notmentioning
【答案】C
【解析】考查邏輯關(guān)系。aswellas“也”;disregardfor“忽視”;letalone“更不必說,聽任”;notmentioning“沒有提及”。句意:乘客們像沙丁魚一樣擠在充滿汗臭、幽閉恐怖的地鐵車廂里,幾乎無法呼吸,更無法自由活動(dòng)。因此C選項(xiàng)符合題意。
9.單選題
Stressfulenvironmentleadstounhealthybehaviorssuchaspooreatinghabits,which(
),increasetheriskofhighbloodpressureandheartdisease.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.bychance
B.inturn
C.byfortune
D.incase
【答案】B
【解析】句意:有壓力的環(huán)境導(dǎo)致如不好的飲食習(xí)慣這樣的不健康的行為,依次增加高血壓和心臟病的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)。
短語辨析。Bychance偶然,意外;inturn輪流,依次;byfortune幸運(yùn);incase萬一,假如.。故B符合句意。
10.單選題
Darkmatterintheuniverseis,believedbysomescientists,substancethatisnotreadilyobservablebecauseitdoesnotdirectlyrefractlightorenergy.Itsexistencecanonlybededucedbecauseoftheeffectthatithasonsurroundingmatter.Infact,somemembersofthescientificcommunityhavearguedthatdarkmatterdoesnotactuallyexist.Others,however,believeinitsexistence,inpartbecausethescientificcommunitydoesnothaveacompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.Ontheotherhand,somewouldarguethatitistheunderstandingofgravitationalsciencethatleadsmostscientiststobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatter,becausewithoutdarkmatter,therearemanycosmologicalphenomenathataredifficulttoexplain.
Forexample,darkmatterintheuniversemayhaveapeculiareffectontheMilkyWaygalaxy.Somescientistsbelievethattheinteractionbetweendarkmatterandothersmaller,nearbygalaxiesiscausingtheMilkyWaygalaxytotakeonawarpedprofile.Ithasbeenassertedthatnotonlydoesdarkmatterexist,itmayalsoberesponsiblefortheMilkyWay’sunusualshape.TheinteractionreferencedinvolvestwosmallergalaxiesneartheMilkyWay,calledMagllanicClouds,movingthroughanenormousamountofdarkmatter,which,ineffect,enhancesthegravitationalpullthatthetwoMagellanicCloudscouldhaveontheMilkyWayandothersurroundingbodies.Withouttheexistenceofthedarkmatter,theMagellanicCloudswouldnothavesufficientmasstohavesuchastrongeffectonthebendoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.
ThestrongestevidenceforthevalidityofthishypothesisrestsinNewtonianphysicsandthehypothesisthatanythingwithmasswillexertagravitationalpull.TheMilkyWayandothergalaxieswithpeculiarwarpedshapesarebeingmoldedbyagravitationalforce.However,thereisnothingreadilyobservablewithsufficientmassthatcouldcausesuchahighlevelofdistortionviagravitationalpullinthevicinityoftheMilkyWay,Therefore,somethingthatisnoteasilyobservedmustbeexertingthenecessaryforcetocreatethewarpedshapeofthegalaxy.
AaronRomanowskyandseveralcolleagueshavequestionedtheeffectthatdarkmattermighthaveongalaxies.Theypointtotheexistenceofseveralellipticalgalaxiessurroundedbyverylittledarkmatterasevidencethatdarkmatterisnot,infact,thecauseofthewarpedgalaxies.Whiletheydonotclaimthattheirfindingsshouldbeinterpretedtoconcludethatdarkmatterdoesnotexist,theyapparentlybelievethattheresultsoftheirstudiescastdoubtonsomeoftheconventionaltheoriesofgalaxyformationandmanipulation.
SeveralmodelsconstructedbyresearchersfromtheUniversityofCaliforniaatBerkeley,however,pointtotheideathatdarkmatteristhemostlikelyexplanationforthedistortedshapeoftheMilkyWayandothergalaxies.Usingcomputermodels,theyhavemappedthelikelyinteractionsbetweencertaingalaxiesandthesurroundingdarkmatter,andthosemodelshaveshownnotonlythepossibilitythatdarkmatterisresponsibleforthewarpedshapeoftheMilkyWay,butthattherelationshipbetweenthedarkmatterandtheMagllanicCloudsisdynamic;themovementofthecloudsthroughthedarkmatterseemstocreateawakethatenhancestheirgravitationalinfluenceontheMilkyWay.
1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.
2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?
3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?
4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.
5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter
B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscience
C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobserved
D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatter
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.
B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.
C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.
D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.
B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.
C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.
D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatter
B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscience
C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomena
D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingit
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.
B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.
C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.
D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.
【答案】第1題:B
第2題:C
第3題:D
第4題:D
第5題:B
【解析】1.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
1.Thepassagestatesthatsomemembersofthescientificcommunityarereluctanttobelieveintheexistenceofdarkmatterbecause______.1.這篇文章指出,一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在,因?yàn)開_____。
A.thereisabsolutelynoevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatterA.完全沒有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在
B.nooneunderstandshowtoapplygravitationalscienceB.沒有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)
C.darkmattercannotbedirectlyobservedC.不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)
D.darkmatterhaslittleeffectonsurroundingmatterD.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒有影響
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)第一段最后三句“事實(shí)上,科學(xué)界的一些成員認(rèn)為暗物質(zhì)實(shí)際上并不存在。然而,另一些人相信它的存在,部分原因是科學(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有一個(gè)完整的理解。另一方面,一些人會(huì)認(rèn)為,正是對(duì)引力科學(xué)的理解使大多數(shù)科學(xué)家相信暗物質(zhì)的存在,因?yàn)闆]有暗物質(zhì),就有許多難以解釋的宇宙現(xiàn)象?!庇纱丝芍?,一些人相信暗物質(zhì),部分原因是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)還沒有一個(gè)完整的理解,所以只能用暗物質(zhì)來解釋宇宙現(xiàn)象,那么可以推斷,一些科學(xué)團(tuán)體的成員不愿意相信暗物質(zhì)的存在是因?yàn)榭茖W(xué)界對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有完整的理解,不知道如何運(yùn)用引力科學(xué)。因此,該題選擇B項(xiàng)“沒有人知道如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“完全沒有證據(jù)證明暗物質(zhì)的存在”與原文中“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)銀河星系的形成造成影響”這一說法不符,屬于反向干擾;
C項(xiàng)“不能直接觀測(cè)到暗物質(zhì)”并不是科學(xué)家不相信暗物質(zhì)存在的原因,屬于出處錯(cuò)位;
D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)周圍的物質(zhì)幾乎沒有影響”根據(jù)第一段第二句“只能根據(jù)它對(duì)周圍物質(zhì)的影響來推斷暗物質(zhì)的存在”可知,該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾。
2.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
2.Whatdoesthepassageofferasevidencefortheexistenceofdarkmatter?2.這篇文章為暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了什么證據(jù)?
A.Acompleteunderstandingofgravitationalscience.A.對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解。
B.TheenormousmassofMagellanicClouds.B.麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量。
C.TheshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxy.C.銀河系的形狀。
D.Aphotographtakenwiththeaidofarefractingtelescope.D.用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片。
【答案】C
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】文章第二段和第三段對(duì)暗物質(zhì)的存在提供了論據(jù),根據(jù)第二段最后一句“如果沒有暗物質(zhì)的存在,麥哲倫星云就不會(huì)有足夠的質(zhì)量對(duì)銀河系的彎曲產(chǎn)生如此強(qiáng)烈的影響”以及第三段的內(nèi)容“這一假設(shè)的最有力證據(jù)來自牛頓物理學(xué)和任何有質(zhì)量的物體都會(huì)產(chǎn)生引力的假設(shè)。銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造。然而,在銀河系附近并沒有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體能夠通過引力引起如此高程度的扭曲。因此,一定是一些不容易觀測(cè)到的物體施加了必要的力,才造成了星系的扭曲形狀?!?,從中我們可知,銀河系和其他具有奇特扭曲形狀的星系正在被引力塑造,但是在銀河系附近沒有足夠大質(zhì)量的物體,所以可以推斷,暗物質(zhì)的存在的依據(jù)就是銀河系的形狀。因此,該題選擇C項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“對(duì)引力科學(xué)的完全理解”,文章第一段就指出人們對(duì)引力科學(xué)沒有完全的了解,所以該項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
B項(xiàng)“麥哲倫星云的巨大質(zhì)量”和D項(xiàng)“用折射望遠(yuǎn)鏡拍攝的照片”沒有提到,屬于無中生有。
3.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
3.Accordingtothepassage,whatisAaronRomanowsky’stheoryregardingdarkmatter?3.根據(jù)這篇文章,亞倫˙羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的理論是什么?
A.Itcannotbeconclusivelyproventhatdarkmatteraffectstheshapeandformationofgalaxies.A.暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成,這一點(diǎn)還無法得到確鑿的證明。
B.Thediscoveryofcertaingalaxiesdisprovesthetheorythatdarkmatterexistsintheuniverse.B.某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的。
C.Computermodelssuggestthatdarkmatterisresponsibleforwarpedgalaxies.C.計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住?/p>
D.Darkmatterhasnoeffectatallontheshapeofgalaxy.D.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒有任何影響。
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】根據(jù)題干定位至文章第四段,根據(jù)最后兩句的內(nèi)容“他們指出,存在著幾個(gè)橢圓星系,周圍幾乎沒有暗物質(zhì),這證明了暗物質(zhì)并不是導(dǎo)致星系變形的原因。雖然他們沒有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在,但他們顯然相信,他們的研究結(jié)果對(duì)一些星系形成和操縱的傳統(tǒng)理論提出了質(zhì)疑?!笨芍?,亞倫?羅曼諾斯基關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的觀點(diǎn)就是,星系變形的原因并不是由于暗物質(zhì)。因此,D項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)星系的形狀沒有任何影響”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)會(huì)影響星系的形狀和形成,這一點(diǎn)還無法得到確鑿的證明”和C項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型表明暗物質(zhì)是扭曲星系的罪魁禍?zhǔn)住备鶕?jù)解題思路可知,這兩項(xiàng)屬于反向干擾;
B項(xiàng)“某些星系的發(fā)現(xiàn)證明宇宙中存在暗物質(zhì)的理論是錯(cuò)誤的”,文中提到“他們沒有聲稱他們的發(fā)現(xiàn)應(yīng)該被解釋為暗物質(zhì)不存在”,所以他的理論并不是推翻暗物質(zhì)的存在,該項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷。
4.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
4.Thelastparagraphsupportsthegeneralhypothesisprovidedearlierinthepassagethat______.4.最后一段支持了文章前面提出的假設(shè),即______。
A.theeffectofMagllanicCloudsongalaxiesisenhancedbydarkmatterA.暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響
B.computermodelsarenecessaryforanunderstandingofgravitationalscienceB.計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的
C.darkmatterhaslittletonoeffectontheformationofcertaincosmologicalphenomenaC.暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒有影響
D.theshapeoftheMilkyWaygalaxycanbededucedbyobservingthemattersurroundingitD.銀河系的形狀可以通過觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來
【答案】D
【考查點(diǎn)】細(xì)節(jié)事實(shí)題。
【解題思路】定位至最后一段第二句中的“他們已經(jīng)繪制了某些星系和周圍暗物質(zhì)之間可能的相互作用,這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性,而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫星云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”可知,這一段與前文提到的“暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀”的假設(shè)一致。因此,D項(xiàng)“銀河系的形狀可以通過觀察它周圍的物質(zhì)推斷出來”符合題意。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)增強(qiáng)了麥哲倫星云對(duì)星系的影響”是暗物質(zhì)影響銀河系的形狀的假設(shè)的內(nèi)容,該項(xiàng)屬于以偏概全;
B項(xiàng)“計(jì)算機(jī)模型對(duì)于理解引力科學(xué)是必要的”在文章前文并沒有提到,屬于無中生有;
C項(xiàng)“暗物質(zhì)對(duì)某些宇宙現(xiàn)象的形成幾乎沒有影響”根據(jù)解題思路可知,該項(xiàng)屬于曲解原文。
5.【選項(xiàng)釋義】
5.Thepassagesupportswhichofthefollowingstatementsaboutdarkmatter?5.這篇文章支持下面關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)的哪一種說法?
A.Itsexistencehasbeenconclusivelyprovenbycomputermodels.A.它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)。
B.Itsexistenceisinferredbysomeresearchersbasedonobservationsofcosmologicalbodiescomposedofordinarymatter.B.它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來的。
C.Ifitdoesnotexist,theuniverseislargelyempty.C.如果它不存在,宇宙基本上是空的。
D.Itspresenceisreadilyobservabletoresearcherswhocompletelyunderstandhowtoapplygravitationalscience.D.對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來說,它的存在是很容易觀察到的。
【答案】B
【考查點(diǎn)】推理判斷題。
【解題思路】文章第二段對(duì)于暗物質(zhì)存在所做的假設(shè)就是它能改變銀河系的形狀,該段描述了暗物質(zhì)是如何影響銀河系附近的麥哲倫星云,并增強(qiáng)了兩個(gè)麥哲倫星云對(duì)銀河系和其他周圍天體的引力,從而使銀河系的形狀發(fā)生改變,所以B項(xiàng)“它的存在是由一些研究人員根據(jù)對(duì)由普通物質(zhì)組成的宇宙天體的觀察推斷出來的”最能支持關(guān)于暗物質(zhì)存在的說法。
【干擾項(xiàng)排除】
A項(xiàng)“它的存在已經(jīng)被計(jì)算機(jī)模型證實(shí)”,根據(jù)最后一段第二句中的“這些模型不僅顯示了暗物質(zhì)導(dǎo)致銀河系扭曲形狀的可能性,而且還顯示了暗物質(zhì)和麥哲倫云之間的動(dòng)態(tài)關(guān)系”,可知,文章并沒有證實(shí)暗物質(zhì)的存在,只是顯示暗物質(zhì)存在的可能性,該項(xiàng)屬于過度推斷;
C項(xiàng)“如果它不存在,宇宙基本上是空的”文中未提及,屬于無中生有;
D項(xiàng)“對(duì)于完全了解如何應(yīng)用引力科學(xué)的研究人員來說,它的存在是很容易觀察到的”與第一段第一句提到的“宇宙中的暗物質(zhì)被一些科學(xué)家認(rèn)為是不易觀察到的物質(zhì),因?yàn)樗荒苤苯诱凵涔饣蚰芰俊毕嗝?,屬于反向干擾。
11.單選題
Thetravelagencyhasafullprogramof(),iftouristswishtovisitlocalplacesofinterest.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.expeditions
B.excursions
C.explorations
D.propositions
【答案】B
【解析】句意:如果游客想游覽當(dāng)?shù)氐拿麆俟袍E,旅行社有一套完整的短途旅行計(jì)劃。
考查名詞辨析。expedition遠(yuǎn)征,探險(xiǎn);excursion遠(yuǎn)足,短程旅行;exploration探測(cè);proposition命題,提議。根據(jù)“當(dāng)?shù)氐拿麆俟袍E”可知四個(gè)選項(xiàng)中,B項(xiàng)正確。
12.單選題
Scientificevidencefromdifferent_______demonstratesthatinmosthumansthelefthemisphereofthebraincontrolslanguage.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.scopes
B.ranges
C.disciplines
D.arrays
【答案】C
【解析】scopes范圍,領(lǐng)域;ranges范圍,區(qū)間;disciplines學(xué)科;arrays陣列,數(shù)組。句意:來自不同學(xué)科的科學(xué)證據(jù)表明,大多數(shù)人的大腦左半球控制著語言功能。選項(xiàng)C符合句意。
13.單選題
Thecolorandsmellofwaterintheserivers()itselfhowseriousthepollutionisbutmanypeoplearestillignoringhefact.
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.illustrates
B.demonstrates
C.manifests
D.exemplifies
【答案】C
【解析】近義詞辨析題。manifestoneself"顯現(xiàn),顯露";illustrate"說明,闡明";demonstrate"舉行示威游行(或集會(huì));說明";exemplify"例示,舉例證明"。句意:這些河水的顏色和氣味表明了污染的嚴(yán)重性,但是許多人仍然忽視了這個(gè)事實(shí)。選項(xiàng)C更恰當(dāng)。
14.單選題
InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.
Inthosetimes,rulershadonlyalimitedabilitytoraisetaxes.Theycouldneitherforcetheirsubjectstofightnorpaythemtodoso.Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.
Onesuchdevicewasaruleassertingthattheprisonerhadtoassesshisownvalue.Thiscompelledtheprisonertoestablishavaluewithoutmuchdistortion;indicatingtoolowavaluewouldincreasethecaptive’schancesofbeingkilled,whileindicatingtoohighavaluewouldeitherrushhimfinanciallyorcreateaprohibitivelyexpensiveransomthatwouldalsoresultindeath.
Asecondmeansofreducingcostswasthepracticeofreleasingaprisoneronhiswordofhonor.Thisprocedurewasadvantageoustobothpartiessincethecaptorwasrelievedoftheexpenseofkeepingtheprisonerwhilethecaptivehadfreedomofmovement.Thecaptoralsobenefitedfinanciallybyhavinghiscaptiveraisetheransomhimself.This“parole”wasaviablepracticesincethereleasedprisonerriskedrecaptureorretaliationagainsthisfamily.Moreover,inmedievalsociety,breakingone’swordhadseriousconsequences.When,forexample,KingFrancoisIbrokehiswordtotheEmperorCharlesVin1525,hisreputationsufferedimmensely.
Afindmethodofreducingcostswastheuseofspecializedinstitutionstoestablishcontactbetweenthetwoparties.Twotypesofinstitutionsemerged:professionaldealerswhoactedasbrokers,andmembersofreligiousorderswhoactedasneutralintermediaries.Dealersadvancedmoneyfortheransomandchargedinterestontheloan.TwoofthereligiousordersthatbecameintermediariesweretheMercedariansandtheTrinitarians,whobetweenthemarrangedtheransomofnearlyonemillionprisoners.
61.Theprimarypurposeofthepassageisto______.
62.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethatamedievalsoldier______.
63.Intheauthor’sopinion,asoldier’sdecisiontospareanadversary’slifebelinkedhistoricallyto______.
64.Itcanbeinferredfromthepassagethattheprocessofarrangingransomsduringmedievaltimeswas______.
65.Whichofthefollowingbestdescribestheorganizationofthepassage?
問題1選項(xiàng)
A.discusstheeconomicbasisofthemedievalpracticeofexchangingprisonersforransom
B.examinethehistoryofthetreatmentofprisonersofwar
C.emphasizetheimportanceofawarrior’swordofhonorduringtheMiddleAges
D.explorethreewaysofreducingthecostsofransom
問題2選項(xiàng)
A.hadfeweconomicoptionsandchosetofightbecauseitwastheonlywayto
B.wassimilartoa20th-centuryterroristinthatheoperatedonabasicallyindependentlevelandwasmotivatedsolelybyeconomicincentives
C.waslesslikelytokillcapturedmembersofopposingarmiesthanwasasoldieroftheRomanEmpire
D.wasmotivatedtospareprisonerslivesbyhumanitarianratherthaneconomicideals
問題3選項(xiàng)
A.theeconomicrelationshipofthewarringstates
B.theeconomicgainfromtakinganenemyprisonerratherthankillinghimincombat
C.thecasewithwhichasoldiercouldcaptureandsubsequentlyimprisonhisenemy
D.technologicaladvancesinweaponry
問題4選項(xiàng)
A.morelucrativeformedievalsoldiersandkingsthanthewinningofspoils
B.aproceduresocostlythatitwasnoteconomicallyworthwhileforthecaptors
C.futileforthecaptivesincelieriskedrecaptureevenafterhisransomwaspaid
D.apotentialsourceofincomeforothersasidefromthecaptorsoftheprisoners
問題5選項(xiàng)
A.Anassertionismade,brieflyexplained,andthenseveralexamplesthatrefutetheassertionaregiven.
B.Ahistoricalanalysisismadeofaphenomenonandsupportingdetailsareoffered.
C.Ahypothesisisoffered,carefullyqualified,andthensupportingdataisanalyzed.
D.Agenerallyacceptedhistoricalviewpointispresentedinordertointroducediscussionofitsstrengthsandlimitations.
【答案】第1題:A
第2題:C
第3題:B
第4題:D
第5題:B
【解析】61.【試題答案】A
【試題解析】主旨大意題。題干意思是“文章的主要目的是……”。文章第一段提到InRomantimes,defeatedenemiesweregenerallyputtodeathascriminalsforhavingoffendedtheemperorofRome.Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.Thoughsomesawthiscustomasasteptowardsamorehumanesociety,theprimaryreasonsbehinditwereeconomicratherthanhumanitarian.(在羅馬時(shí)代,被打敗的敵人通常會(huì)因?yàn)槊胺噶肆_馬皇帝而被當(dāng)作罪犯處死。然而,在中世紀(jì),贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來。盡管有些人認(rèn)為這一習(xí)俗是邁向更人道社會(huì)的一步,但其背后的主要原因是經(jīng)濟(jì)而非人道主義。),接著全篇都是在描述中世紀(jì)拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為,可知文章的主要目的是討論中世紀(jì)統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ),故A項(xiàng)“討論中世紀(jì)交換囚犯換取贖金的經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)”符合題意。B項(xiàng)“研究戰(zhàn)俘待遇的歷史”和C項(xiàng)“在中世紀(jì)強(qiáng)調(diào)戰(zhàn)士的榮譽(yù)承諾的重要性”,都只是在文章中有稍微提到,比較片面;D項(xiàng)“探索三種降低贖金成本的方法”,根據(jù)第二段倒數(shù)兩句Althoughcollectingransomclearlybroughtfinancialgain,keepingaprisonerandarrangingforhisexchangehaditscosts.Consequently,severalproceduresweredevisedtoreducetransactioncosts.(雖然收集贖金顯然帶來了經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,但關(guān)押和安排交換囚犯是有代價(jià)的。因此,制定了若干程序以減少交易成本。),由此可知,降低交易成本只是統(tǒng)治者為了能夠獲得最大的經(jīng)濟(jì)利益,是討論統(tǒng)治者拿戰(zhàn)俘換取金錢這一行為的一部分內(nèi)容,D項(xiàng)概括不夠全面。故該題選A。
62.【試題答案】C
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“根據(jù)文章可以推斷中世紀(jì)的士兵……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句Inthemiddleages,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofspoils.(在中世紀(jì),每個(gè)士兵參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的主要?jiǎng)訖C(jī)是對(duì)戰(zhàn)利品的期望)可知中世紀(jì)士兵是為了獲得戰(zhàn)利品而去戰(zhàn)斗,因?yàn)橹惺兰o(jì)戰(zhàn)俘可以換贖金,所以一般不會(huì)像羅馬時(shí)期一樣殺死戰(zhàn)俘,故C項(xiàng)“他比羅馬帝國(guó)的士兵更不可能殺死被敵軍俘虜?shù)氖勘狈项}意;A項(xiàng)“沒有什么經(jīng)濟(jì)選擇,所以選擇戰(zhàn)斗,因?yàn)檫@是唯一的辦法”,第二段第三句提到Thepromiseofmaterialcompensationintheformofgoodsandransomwasthereforetheonlywayofinducingcombatantstoparticipateinawar.(以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償?shù)某兄Z是誘使戰(zhàn)斗人員參加戰(zhàn)爭(zhēng)的唯一辦法)可知,讓士兵參加戰(zhàn)斗的唯一辦法是承諾以貨物和贖金形式提供物質(zhì)補(bǔ)償,所以A項(xiàng)錯(cuò)誤;B項(xiàng)“類似于20世紀(jì)的恐怖分子,他基本上是獨(dú)立運(yùn)作的,只受經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)機(jī)的驅(qū)使”,全文作者沒有將中世紀(jì)的士兵與現(xiàn)代的恐怖主義作比較,故不選B;D項(xiàng)“是出于人道主義而不是經(jīng)濟(jì)理想來拯救囚犯的生命”,釋放戰(zhàn)俘是為了獲得贖金,而不是人道主義,所以D項(xiàng)也不選。故該題選C。
63.【試題答案】B
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“在作者看來,一名士兵決定寬恕敵人的生命歷史上是與……有關(guān)”。根據(jù)第一段的第二句話Inthemiddleages,however,thepracticeofransoming,orreturningprisonersinexchangeformoney,becamecommon.(然而,在中世紀(jì),贖回或遣返囚犯以換取金錢的做法變得普遍起來),我們可以知道戰(zhàn)士不殺死戰(zhàn)俘的原因是為了贖金;這是個(gè)人經(jīng)濟(jì)動(dòng)力驅(qū)使,所以B項(xiàng)“在戰(zhàn)斗中俘虜敵人而不是殺死他所獲得的經(jīng)濟(jì)收益”符合題意。A項(xiàng)“戰(zhàn)國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系”,文章沒有提到羅馬帝國(guó)和戰(zhàn)國(guó)的經(jīng)濟(jì)關(guān)系;C項(xiàng)“一名士兵可以捕獲并監(jiān)禁他的敵人的情況”這不是士兵會(huì)寬恕敵人的生命的原因,最終是為了獲得贖金;D項(xiàng)“武器裝備技術(shù)進(jìn)步”文章也未提到;故該題選B。
64.【試題答案】D
【試題解析】推理判斷題。題干意思是“從文章中可以推斷出中世紀(jì)安排贖金的過程是……”。根據(jù)第二段第四句IntheMiddleAges,thepredominantincentivefortheindividualsoldiertoparticipateinawarwastheexpectationofs
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