研一下-專業(yè)英語(yǔ)科技寫作

1英語(yǔ)寫作篇科技論文寫作2英語(yǔ)科技論文:撰寫與投稿1寫作前的準(zhǔn)備2論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫3科技英語(yǔ)的文法與表達(dá)4投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系3寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

寫什么和如何寫？科技論文：論述重要的實(shí)驗(yàn)性的、理論性的或觀測(cè)性的新知識(shí)，或者一些已知原理在實(shí)際應(yīng)用中的進(jìn)展情況。[O’ConnerM,WritingScientificPaperinEnglish,1983]學(xué)術(shù)道德無獨(dú)創(chuàng)性、重復(fù)或“香腸”文章可靠性剽竊456寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

寫什么和如何寫？科技論文必須回答4個(gè)問題Whydidyoustart？Whatdidyoudo?Whatdidyoufind?Whatdoesitmean?7寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

寫什么和如何寫？素材收集與論文組織擬定試用題名和摘要整理分析研究結(jié)果檢索并查閱參考文獻(xiàn)美國(guó)化學(xué)會(huì)ACS在作者道德責(zé)任中指出：”theauthorisobligatedtoperformaliteraturesearchtofind,andthencite,theoriginslpublicationsthatdescribecloselyrelatedwork”組織論文8寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

寫什么和如何寫？撰寫與修改準(zhǔn)備好材料一氣呵成不用過多考慮文法，“大同行”能看懂?dāng)R置幾天后修改文法：人稱、時(shí)態(tài)、語(yǔ)態(tài)、是否則然、贅詞、貼切一致性：術(shù)語(yǔ)、拼寫、量、單位、正文和圖表數(shù)據(jù)一致論文結(jié)構(gòu)和各部份表達(dá)：題名貼切、簡(jiǎn)潔、各部分有無重復(fù)、參考文獻(xiàn)刪除或遺漏9寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

寫什么和如何寫？選擇期刊選擇合適期刊稿件容易被退回導(dǎo)致不公平的同行評(píng)議無人問津如何選擇期刊范圍顯示度錄用率，如Science是否收費(fèi)閱讀投稿須知10寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

為什么要發(fā)表論文？Publishorperish(發(fā)表或者滅亡)

—科研成果：如果沒有發(fā)表，就等于不曾存在；

—科研人員：沒有論著發(fā)表，職業(yè)生涯將難以為繼;Therearethreenecessarystepsinusefulresearch：thefirsttobeginit,thesecondtoenditandthethirdtopublishit.

——M.Faraday11寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

為什么要發(fā)表論文？scienceisafundamentallysocialactivity,whichimpliesthatitdependsongoodcommunication.Inthepracticeofscienceweareawareofthis,andthatiswhyitisrightforourjournalstoinsistonclarityandintelligibility.Thegoalofscientificresearchispublication.Scientists,startingasgraduatestudents,aremeasuredprimarilynotbytheirdexterityinlaboratorymanipulations,notbytheirinnateknowledgeofeitherbroadornarrowscientificsubjects,andcertainlynotbytheirwitorcharm;theyaremeasured,andeknown(orremainunknown)bytheirpublications.12寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

為什么要發(fā)表論文？Ascientificexperiment,nomatterhowspectaculartheresults,isnotcompleteduntiltheresultsarepublished.Infact,thecornerstoneofthephilosophyofscienceisbasedonthefundamentalassumptionthatoriginalresearchmustbepublished;onlythuscannewscientificknowledgebeauthenticatedandthenaddedtotheexistingdatabasethatwecallscientificknowledge.Itisnotnecessaryfortheplumbertowriteaboutpipes,norisitnecessaryforthelawyertowriteaboutcases(exceptbriefwriting),buttheresearchscientist,perhapsuniquelyamongthetradesandprofessions,mustprovideawrittendocumentshowingwhatheorshedid,whyitwasdone,howitwasdone,andwhatwaslearnedfromit.Thekeywordisreproducibility.Thatiswhatmakesscienceandscientificwritingunique.13科學(xué)論文特點(diǎn)和要求創(chuàng)新性有所發(fā)現(xiàn)有所創(chuàng)造創(chuàng)新有大小理論性從理論高度分析，形成科學(xué)見解通過實(shí)驗(yàn)或理論證明規(guī)范性遵循300年來形成的論文規(guī)范14科技英語(yǔ)分類：科學(xué)論文和科技應(yīng)用文科學(xué)論文:Anacceptableprimaryscientificpublicationmustbethefirstdisclosurecontainingsufficientinformationtoenablepeers(1)toassessobservations(2)torepeatexperiments,and(3)toevaluateintellectualprocesses;moreover,itmustbesusceptibletosensoryperception,essentiallypermanent,availabletothescientificcommunitywithoutrestriction,andavailableforregularscreeningbyoneormoreofthemajorrecognizedsecondaryservices15科技英語(yǔ)詞義明確、結(jié)構(gòu)嚴(yán)謹(jǐn)、文風(fēng)比較樸素和單純英文科技論文一般屬性：明白、簡(jiǎn)潔、精確16科技英語(yǔ)明白易懂(clearness)直截了當(dāng)（Firstthingsfirst）讀者的廣泛性（Consideringvarietyofaudiences）17科技英語(yǔ)簡(jiǎn)潔（clarity)18科技英語(yǔ)精確（Accuracy)科技論文的特質(zhì)與文學(xué)作品不同Midpleasuresandpalacesthoughwemayroam,beiteversohumble,thereisnoplacelikehome.19寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

應(yīng)該發(fā)表什么樣的科技論文？一點(diǎn)之見即成文;避免無意或有意的剽竊行為(即:引述他人思想、數(shù)據(jù)或論述而不注明出處)；避免一稿多投或一稿多發(fā)；抄一篇為剽竊，抄多篇為創(chuàng)新20寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

科技英文寫作與講演

尋找創(chuàng)建模板的論文

—發(fā)表于國(guó)際知名期刊；

—

最近3－5年內(nèi)發(fā)表;

—至少有一位英語(yǔ)母語(yǔ)的作者

創(chuàng)建模板

—句子的結(jié)構(gòu)、長(zhǎng)度、句式變化；

—?jiǎng)釉~、轉(zhuǎn)接詞、介詞的使用；

—?jiǎng)釉~時(shí)態(tài)；

—怎樣開始和結(jié)束；

—如何及何時(shí)承認(rèn)他人的貢獻(xiàn)適度模仿建立語(yǔ)料庫(kù)21寫作前的準(zhǔn)備:

閱讀“作者須知”或“投稿指南”刊物的宗旨和范圍；各欄目論文的長(zhǎng)度、章節(jié)的順序安排,等；采取何種體例格式?如:頁(yè)邊距、紙張大小、參考文獻(xiàn)的體例、圖表的準(zhǔn)備、等；履行何種形式的同行評(píng)議?多長(zhǎng)時(shí)間后能決定可否錄用22英語(yǔ)科技論文:撰寫與投稿1寫作前的準(zhǔn)備2論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫3科技英語(yǔ)的文法與表達(dá)4投稿及與編輯的聯(lián)系23論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn)

24論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫Ascientificpaperisorganizedtomeettheneedsofvalidpublication.Itis,orshouldbe,highlystylized,withdistinctiveandclearlyevidentcomponentparts.

25論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫26論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫科學(xué)論文的動(dòng)詞時(shí)態(tài)科學(xué)論文講究時(shí)態(tài)不同場(chǎng)合不同專業(yè)要求不同27論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫28論文的結(jié)構(gòu)安排與撰寫論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞引言(Introduction)材料與方法(Materialsandmethods)結(jié)果(Results)討論與結(jié)論(Discussion&Conclusion)致謝參考文獻(xiàn)

WheredoIstart?29科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):篇前部分論文題名+眉題

(RunningTitle)作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞30Title題名

以最少數(shù)量的單詞來充分表述論文的內(nèi)容題名的作用

吸引讀者.題名相當(dāng)于論文的“標(biāo)簽”(label),題名如果表達(dá)不當(dāng),就會(huì)失去其應(yīng)有的作用,使真正需要它的讀者錯(cuò)過閱讀論文的機(jī)會(huì)；

幫助文獻(xiàn)追蹤或檢索.文獻(xiàn)檢索系統(tǒng)多以題名中的主題詞作為線索,因而這些詞必須要準(zhǔn)確地反映論文的核心內(nèi)容,否則就有可能產(chǎn)生漏檢31Title32TitleFirstimpressionsarestrongimpressions;atitleoughtthereforetobewellstudied,andtogive,sofarasitslimitspermit,adefiniteandconciseindicationofwhatistocome.

—T.CliffordAllbuttWhatisagoodtitle?Idefineitasthefewestpossiblewordsthatadequatelydescribethecontentsofthepaper.33Title:基本要求準(zhǔn)確(Accuracy)：準(zhǔn)確地反映論文的內(nèi)容；避免非定量的，含義不明的詞簡(jiǎn)潔(Brevity)：中文最好不超過20個(gè)漢字，英文最好不超過10–12個(gè)單詞；去掉a,the,Thoughtson...,Regarding…,Study…,等

清楚(Clarity)：清晰地反映文章的具體內(nèi)容和特色,力求簡(jiǎn)潔有效、重點(diǎn)突出

盡可能將表達(dá)核心內(nèi)容的主題詞放在題名開頭；

慎重使用縮略語(yǔ)；DNA,AIDS

避免使用化學(xué)式、上下角標(biāo)、特殊符號(hào)(數(shù)字符號(hào)、希臘字母等)、公式等;34Title(Accuracy)35論文題名舉例Bad:ActionofantibioticsonbacteriaBad:PreliminaryobservationsontheeffectofcertainantibioticsonvariousspeciesofbacteriaGood:

ActionofStreptomycinonMycobacteriumtuberculosis

Better:InhibitionofgrowthofMycobacteriumtuberculosisbyStreptomycin

36Title(Brevity)37題名類型名詞詞組:Inositoltrisphosphateandcalciumsignaling(三磷酸肌醇和鈣信號(hào)表達(dá)

)主副題名:

WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression(WAF1:p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個(gè)可能介導(dǎo)因子)系列題名:

Density-functionalthermochemistry.III.Theroleofexactexchange(密度函數(shù)的熱化學(xué):3.正解交換的作用)陳述性題名:

Thep21Cdk-interactingproteinCip1isapotentinhibitorofG1cyclin-dependentkinases(p21Cdk作用蛋白(又稱Cip1)是G1細(xì)胞周期依賴性蛋白激酶的強(qiáng)抑制劑)疑問句題名:

Whenisabirdnotabird?38TitleTitle中常見問題忌諱出現(xiàn)語(yǔ)法錯(cuò)誤有些詞多余Researchon…,Studyon…,Investigationon…,Thepreparationof…,TheSynthesisof…介詞的選用有些冠詞可省ANewMethod…（A），TheProblemof…(The)標(biāo)題太大公式化標(biāo)題”基于ABC的EFG關(guān)鍵技術(shù)”-…Based…KeyTechnique“面向ABC的EFG系統(tǒng)”-…Oriented…System39Title詞的先后順序非常重要。CarblamedforpollutionbyscientistFactorsinfluencingprimarylivercancerresectionsurvivalrate40介詞問題Bad:LinearprogrammingmethodofoptimizationofsystemsofpartialdifferentialequationGood:

Linearprogrammingmethod

foroptimizationofpartialdifferentialequationsystems(偏微分方程系統(tǒng)最優(yōu)化的線性程序設(shè)計(jì)方法)Bad:Formulation

of

equationsofverticalmotionof

finiteelementformforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemGood:Finiteelementbasedformulationsforvehicle-bridgeinteractionsystemconsideringverticalmotion車橋相互作用系統(tǒng)有限元形式的豎向運(yùn)動(dòng)方程41縮略語(yǔ)的使用問題TheeffectsofairpollutantsontakingofSARSGEE

用廣義估計(jì)方程研究大氣污染對(duì)SARS發(fā)病的影響

GEE—generalizedestimatingequationThequarantinemeasuresandpreventativecountermeasuresofpreventingthepropagationofRIFAthroughinternationalshippings

防止紅火蚊隨國(guó)際航行船舶傳播的檢疫措施與防控對(duì)策

RIFA—redimportedfireant42Title中常見問題新穎化標(biāo)題新穎標(biāo)題沒有反映新穎內(nèi)容“喧賓奪主”，VisualizationandInteractionMethodforChoosingInversePerturbationParameters->VisualizedInteractionProcudureforDetermingInversePerturbationParameters43Title關(guān)于字母的大小寫習(xí)慣，各種期刊很不統(tǒng)一只有第一個(gè)字母大寫每個(gè)詞第一個(gè)字母大寫，除冠詞、介詞、連詞，但第一個(gè)詞首字母大寫所有字母大寫44Title1.Gas-assistedpowderinjectionmoulding(GAPIM)2.Enery-efficientdatagatheringinlargewirelesssensornetworks3.Highlyefficientwaveguidegratingcouplersusingsilicon-on-insulator4.Silicon-on-insulatorforhigh-outputwaveguidegratingcouplers5.Webservice——anenablingtechnologyfortradingpartnerscommunityvirtualintegration6.Webservice:integratingvirtualcommunitiesoftradingpartners7.IntegratingvirtualcommunitiesoftradingpartnersthroughWebservice45Title8.Vaporpressureassistedvoidgrowthandtrackingofpolymericfilmsandinterfaces9.Anewapproachtoblindmultiuserdetectionbasedoninter-symbolcorrelation10.Inter-symbolcorrelationforblindmultiuserdetection11.Animprovedinter-symbolcorrelationmethodforblindmultiuserdetection46RunningTitle(眉題)用于論文的頁(yè)眉是論文題名的縮寫，一般不超過40個(gè)字符應(yīng)包含論文中最核心的內(nèi)容期刊的習(xí)慣47Title改進(jìn)的技巧把貢獻(xiàn)至于題目前部增加動(dòng)詞形式：Datalearning:understandingbiologicaldataNonlinearfiniteelementsimulationtosavethesystemenergy用形容詞和數(shù)詞表述貢獻(xiàn)的亮點(diǎn)Highlyefficient、robust，但new、novel不好清楚且特指的關(guān)鍵詞：不要將關(guān)鍵詞埋沒在一長(zhǎng)串起修飾作用的名詞中Transientmodelforkineticanalysisofelectricstimulus-responsivehydrogelsTransientmodelforkineticanalysisofhydrogelsresponsivetoelectricstimulus48Title改進(jìn)的技巧精心選擇涵蓋合適范圍的關(guān)鍵詞關(guān)鍵詞分為3類：普通關(guān)鍵詞::simulation,model,chemical,image,recognition,wirelessnetwork過渡性關(guān)鍵詞:clustering、microarrange,fingerprintrecognition特質(zhì)性關(guān)鍵詞：hypersurface,hopcount,localisation確保包含多個(gè)層次的關(guān)鍵詞49Title改進(jìn)的技巧容易記憶的縮寫和題名VISOR：learningVisualSchemasinneuralnetworksforObjectRecognitionandsceneanalysisThediner-waiterindistributedcontrolSoftwareaccelerationusingprogrammablelogic:isitworththeeffect?50RunningTitle：舉例題目：WAF1:p53腫瘤抑制作用的一個(gè)可能介導(dǎo)因子

WAF1：Apotentialmediatorofp53tumorsuppression

眉題：WAF1asamediatorofp53function題目：淋巴細(xì)胞再循環(huán)和白細(xì)胞遷移中的路徑信號(hào):……Trafficsignalsforlymphocyterecirculationandleukocyteemigration:themultistep…

眉題：Trafficsignalsforleukocytecirculation51科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):篇前部分論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞52Whoaretheauthors?國(guó)際醫(yī)學(xué)期刊編輯委員會(huì)(ICMJE)有關(guān)作者資格的界定:

(1)課題的構(gòu)思與設(shè)計(jì)，資料的分析和解釋；(2)文稿的寫作或?qū)ζ渲兄匾獙W(xué)術(shù)內(nèi)容作重大修改；(3)參與最后定稿，并同意投稿和出版

—以上3項(xiàng)條件應(yīng)全部具備方可成為作者;作者的排列順序應(yīng)由所有作者共同決定;每位作者都應(yīng)該能夠就論文的全部?jī)?nèi)容向公眾負(fù)責(zé)53Whoisthefirstauthor?論文的執(zhí)筆人或主要撰寫者應(yīng)該是第一作者；貢獻(xiàn)相同作者的表達(dá)：

—共同第一作者, —通訊作者(Towhomcorrespondenceshouldbeaddressed/Correspondenceauthor), —這些作者對(duì)研究工作的貢獻(xiàn)是相同的避免“搭車”署名、不能遺漏應(yīng)該署名的作者、不可擅自將知名人士署為作者之一以提高論文聲譽(yù)和影響54作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式ProperandConsistentForm：Astonamesofauthors,thepreferreddesignationnormallyisfirstname,middleinitial,lastname.Ifanauthorusesonlyinitials,whichhasbeenaregrettabletendencyinscience,thescientificliteraturemayeconfused.IftherearetwopeoplenamedJonathanB.Jones,theliteratureservicescanprobablykeepthemstraight(byaddresses).ButifdozensofpeoplepublishunderthenameJ.B.Jones(especiallyif,onoccasion,someofthemuseJonathanB.Jones),theretrievalserviceshaveahopelesstaskinkeepingthingsneatandtidy.Manyscientistsresistthetemptationtochangetheirnames(aftermarriage,forreligiousreasons,orbycourtorder),knowingthattheirpublishedworkwillbeseparated.55作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式Inaddition,manycomputerizedlibrarycatalogsandliteratureretrievalsystemsarebasedontheprincipleoftruncation.Thus,onedoesnotneedtokeyinalongtitleorevenawholename;timeissavedbyshortening(truncating)theentry.But,ifonetypesin"Day,RA,"forexample,ascreenwillappearshowingalloftheRachelDays,RalphDays,RaymondDays,etc.,butnotRobertA.Day.Therefore,theuseofinitialsratherthanfirstnamescancausetrouble

56作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式Ingeneral,scientificjournalsdonotprinteither

degreesortitlesafterauthors'names.(Youknowwhat"B.S."means."M.S."isMoreoftheSame."Ph.D."isPiledHigherandDeeper."M.D.''isMuchDeeper.)However,mostmedicaljournalsdogivedegreesafterthenames.Titlesarealsooftenlistedinmedicaljournals,eitherafterthenamesanddegreesorinfootnotesonthetitlepage.Eveninmedicaljournals,however,degreesandtitles(Dr.,forexample)arenotgivenintheLiteratureCited.Contributorsshouldconsultthejournal'sInstructionstoAuthorsorarecentissueregardingpreferredusage.Ifajournalallowsbothdegreesandtitles,perhapsabitofadvertisingmightbeallowedalso,assuggestedbytheredoubtableLeoRosten(1968):Dr.JosephKipnis—PsychiatristDr.EliLowitz—ProctologistSpecialistsinOddsandEnds.Dr.M.J.KornblumandDr.AlbertSteinkoff,Obstetricians24HourService...WeDeliver57作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式國(guó)家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)(GB/T16159-1996):

漢語(yǔ)人名按姓和名分寫,姓和名的開頭字母大寫,如:WangJianguo(王建國(guó)),DongfangShuo(東方朔),ZhugeKongming(諸葛孔明),等；“中國(guó)學(xué)術(shù)期刊(光盤版)檢索與評(píng)價(jià)數(shù)據(jù)規(guī)范”：姓前名后,姓氏的全部字母均大寫,復(fù)姓應(yīng)連寫.名字的首字母大寫,雙名中間加連字符;名字不縮寫.如:ZHANGYing(張穎),WANGXi-lian(王錫聯(lián)),ZHUGEHua(諸葛華)58作者姓名的拼音表達(dá)方式國(guó)外期刊一般會(huì)尊重作者對(duì)自己姓名的表達(dá)方式(但大多傾向于大寫字母只限于姓和名的首字母)；發(fā)表于“Nature”(2002,415:732)的一篇短文中3位作者姓名的表達(dá)分別為

ShengliRen,Guang’anZu,Hong-feiWang (任勝利,祖廣安,王鴻飛)

縮寫:RenS,ZuG,WangHF應(yīng)盡量采用相對(duì)固定的英文姓名的表達(dá)形式,以減少在文獻(xiàn)檢索和論文引用中被他人誤解的可能性59作者地址的標(biāo)署盡可能地給出詳細(xì)的通訊地址；如果論文出版時(shí)作者調(diào)到一個(gè)新的地址,新地址應(yīng)以“Presentaddress”(現(xiàn)地址)的形式在腳注中給出；如果第一作者不是通訊作者,作者應(yīng)按期刊的相關(guān)規(guī)定表達(dá),并提前告訴編輯.期刊多以星號(hào)(*)、腳注或致謝的形式標(biāo)注通訊作者或聯(lián)系人60作者地址的標(biāo)署Rememberthatanaddressservestwopurposes.Itservestoidentifytheauthor;italsosupplies(orshouldsupply)theauthor'smailingaddress.Themailingaddressisnecessaryformanyreasons,themostcommononebeingtodenotethesourceofreprints.Althoughitisnotnecessaryasaruletogivestreetaddressesformostinstitutions,itshouldbemandatorythesedaystoprovidepostalcodes.

Withoneauthor,oneaddressisgiven(thenameandaddressofthelaboratoryinwhichtheworkwasdone).If,beforepublication,theauthorhasmovedtoadifferentaddress,thenewaddressshouldbeindicatedina"PresentAddress"footnote.Whentwoormoreauthorsarelisted,eachinadifferentinstitution,theaddressesshouldbelistedinthesameorderastheauthors

61作者地址的標(biāo)署Whentwoormoreauthorsarelisted,eachinadifferentinstitution,theaddressesshouldbelistedinthesameorderastheauthors

。Theprimaryproblemariseswhenapaperispublishedby,letussay,threeauthorsfromtwoinstitutions.Insuchinstances,eachauthor'snameandaddressshouldincludeanappropriatedesignationsuchasasuperiora,b,orcaftertheauthor'snameandbefore(orafter)theappropriateaddress.62科技論文的結(jié)構(gòu):篇前部分論文題名+眉題作者姓名+通訊地址摘要+關(guān)鍵詞63Abstract摘要：以提供文獻(xiàn)內(nèi)容梗概為目的,不加評(píng)論和補(bǔ)充解釋,簡(jiǎn)明、確切地記敘文獻(xiàn)重要內(nèi)容的短文；AnAbstractshouldbeviewedasaminiversionofthepaper.TheAbstractshouldprovideabriefsummaryofeachofthemainsectionsofthepaper.Anabstractcanbedefinedasasummaryoftheinformationinadocument.64AbstractAwell-preparedabstractenablesreaderstoidentifythebasiccontentofadocumentquicklyandaccurately,todetermineitsrelevancetotheirinterests,andthustodecidewhethertheyneedtoreadthedocumentinitsentirety.TheAbstractshouldnevergiveanyinformationorconclusionthatisnotstatedinthepaper.ReferencestotheliteraturemustnotbecitedintheAbstract.65Abstract摘要的類型

(1)信息型摘要:全面、簡(jiǎn)要地概括論文的目的、方法、主要數(shù)據(jù)和結(jié)論. (2)敘述型摘要：只簡(jiǎn)要描述范圍和概況。66Abstract(1)aninformativeabstract,anditisdesignedtocondensethepaper.Itcanandshouldbrieflystatetheproblem,themethodusedtostudytheproblem,andtheprincipaldataandconclusions.Often,theabstractsupplantstheneedforreadingthefullpaper;withoutsuchabstracts,scientistswouldnotbeabletokeepupinactiveareasofresearch.Thisisthetypeofabstractthatisusedasa"heading"inmostjournalstoday.67Abstract(2）Anothercommontypeofabstractistheindicativeabstract(sometimescalledadescriptiveabstract).Thistypeofabstractisdesignedtoindicatethesubjectsdealtwithinapaper,makingiteasyforpotentialreaderstodecidewhethertoreadthepaper.However,becauseofitsdescriptiveratherthansubstantivenature,itcanseldomserveasasubstituteforthefullpaper.Thus,indicativeabstractsshouldnotbeusedas“heading”abstractsinresearchpapers,buttheymaybeusedinothertypesofpublications(reviewpapers,conferencereports,thegovernmentreportliterature,etc.);suchindicativeabstractsareoftenofgreatvaluetoreferencelibrarians。68Abstract咖啡對(duì)心臟病患者的影響敘述型摘要：69Abstract咖啡對(duì)心臟病患者的影響信息型摘要：70Abstract71Abstract72摘要內(nèi)容絕大多數(shù)雜志對(duì)摘要的要求主要限于內(nèi)容，而不強(qiáng)調(diào)格式?；救牟环侄巍?nèi)容：研究背景、目的、方法、結(jié)果、結(jié)論強(qiáng)調(diào)：由于科學(xué)論文的核心是創(chuàng)新，因此一定要表明本文的特殊貢獻(xiàn)。摘要內(nèi)容根據(jù)精細(xì)程度不同，分為3種：期刊論文摘要（250）、學(xué)術(shù)會(huì)議要求摘要（500）、論文摘要（500以上）73摘要內(nèi)容TheAbstractshouldnotexceed250wordsandshouldbedesignedtodefineclearlywhatisdealtwithinthepaper.TheAbstractshouldbetypedasasingleparagraph.TheAbstractshould:(1)statetheprincipalobjectivesandscopeoftheinvestigation,(2)describethemethodsemployed,(3)summarizetheresults,and(4)statetheprincipalconclusions.Theimportanceoftheconclusionsisindicatedbythefactthattheyareoftengiventhreetimes:onceintheAbstract,againintheIntroduction,andagain(inmoredetailprobably)intheDiscussion.MostoralloftheAbstractshouldbewritteninthepasttense,becauseitreferstoworkdone.74摘要內(nèi)容內(nèi)容是否會(huì)與正文重復(fù)？有必要重復(fù)只能概括，不能展開不能copy正文和結(jié)論中的語(yǔ)句，變換一個(gè)遣詞造句的方式和角度舉例：75摘要內(nèi)容76摘要：撰寫技巧Today,mostscientificjournalsprintaheadingAbstractwitheachpaper.Itgenerallyisprinted(andshouldbetyped)asasingleparagraph.BecausetheAbstractprecedesthepaperitself,andbecausetheeditorsandreviewerslikeabitoforientation,theAbstractisalmostuniversallythefirstpartofthemanuscriptreadduringthereviewprocess.Therefore,itisoffundamentalimportancethattheAbstractbewrittenclearlyandsimply.IfyoucannotattracttheinterestofthereviewerinyourAbstract,yourcausemaybelost.Veryoften,thereviewermaybeperilouslyclosetoafinaljudgmentofyourmanuscriptafterreadingtheAbstractalone.Thiscouldbebecausethereviewerhasashortattentionspan(oftenthecase).However,ifbydefinitiontheAbstractissimplyaveryshortversionofthewholepaper,itisonlylogicalthatthereviewerwilloftenreachapreliminaryconclusion,andthatconclusionislikelytobethecorrectone.Usually,agoodAbstractisfollowedbyagoodpaper;apoorAbstractisaharbingerofwoestocome.BecauseaheadingAbstractisrequiredbymostjournalsandbecauseameetingAbstractisarequirementforparticipationinagreatmanynationalandinternationalmeetings,scientistsshouldmasterthefundamentalsofAbstractpreparation.77摘要：撰寫技巧WhenwritingtheAbstract,examineeverywordcarefully.Ifyoucantellyourstoryin100words,donotuse200.Economicallyandscientifically,itdoesn'tmakesensetowastewords.Thetotalcommunication