《國(guó)際醫(yī)學(xué)會(huì)議交際英語(yǔ)》課件Unit 6

Unit6

BasicConsiderationsWhyAreWeNervousDuringPresentation??IHowCanWeOvercomeOurNervousnessduringPresentation?IIWhyIsBodyLanguageImportant?IIIWhatDoesBodyLanguageInclude?IVReflectionsandPracticeV2Aftercompletingthissection,youwillbeabletoknowhowtohandleyournervousnessduringyourpresentation;knowtheimportanceofbodylanguageandhowtobehavewellduringyourpresentation;getfamiliarwithsomedeliverytipsduringyourpresentation.3PartIWhyAreWeNervousDuringPresentation?41.WhyAreWeNervousDuringPresentation?Wehavelotsofbutterfliesinourstomachwhendoingapresentation.Thefearofpublicspeakingiscalledglossophobia.Itisthesinglemostcommonfear.Approximately75%ofpeopleexperiencethis.Surveysofthegeneralpublic,collegestudents,employeesintheworkplace,andCEOsofFortune500companieshavefoundthatwhatpeoplefearmostispublicspeaking.Youcannoteliminateyourfear,butyouCANmanageandreduceit.51.WhyAreWeNervousDuringPresentation?Whyarewenervous?Nervousnessismainlyreflectedintheformofanxiety,whichcanbedividedintotwokinds:externalanxietyandinternalanxiety.61.WhyAreWeNervousDuringPresentation?Externalanxietyistriggeredbytheoutsidefactors,likethespeakingsituation,theunfamiliaraudience,thedifficulttopicandeventheforeignlanguageyouuse.Internalanxietyismainlycausedbythepersonalworries,likebeingafraidofknowinglessonthetopicthantheaudienceorwhatyouaresayingiswrong.7PartIIHowCanWeOvercomeOurNervousnessduringPresentation?82.HowCanWeOvercomeOurNervousnessduringPresentation?2.1IdentifyyourfearsEverybodyusuallyhassomekindofworryaboutdoingapresentationandtherearemanywaystohelpyouovercomesuchfears.Iamworriedthattheaudiencewon’tunderstandmyaccent...

MyEnglishgrammarandvocabularyareverypoor,butifIwasdoingthepresentationinmyownlanguage...Myresultsaren’tveryinterestingsoIcanhardlycreateagoodpresentationaroundthem...IpanicattheideathatImightforgetwhatIwanttosay...

IgetverynervouswhenIaminfrontofalotofpeople...92.HowCanWeOvercomeOurNervousnessduringPresentation?2.2Don’tfocusonyourEnglishIfyourcontentmakesyourmessageclear,afewmistakesinEnglishwillmakeNOdifference.NeverequateyourlevelofEnglishwithyourlevelofintelligenceandyourproficiency.Remember,asaqualifiedprofessional,youhaveworkedhardtogettowhereyouaretoday.Publicspeakingisonlyasmallpartofyouroverallprofessionalability.Whetheryou’regoodatpublicspeakingornothasnothingtodowithyourvalueasaperson.It’ssimplyaskillthatyoucanlearnandbecomebetteratwithpractice.IfyoumakeanEnglishmistakewhiledoingyourpresentation,don’tworry(theaudiencemaynotevennoticeit),don’tcorrectyourself.

Theaudienceismadeupofresearcherswantingtohearyourresults,theyarenotEnglishteacherswantingtoassessyourlinguisticproficiency.Thewayyourelatetotheaudienceandinvolvethemismoreimportantthananygrammaticalornontechnicalvocabularymistakesyoumaymake.102.2Don’tfocusonyourEnglishIdentifythepointswherepoorEnglishmightbemoreproblematic:Intheintroduction;Whileexplainingtheagenda;Whenmakingtransitionsfromoneseriesofslidestoanotherseries;Intheconclusions;Whencallingforquestions.112.3HaveapositiveattitudeAlthoughfewofusisabornpresenter,youwillprobablyhavespecialistknowledgeandconsiderableexperienceinyourfieldandtheloveofyourresearch.WiththesequalitiesyouwillbuildupconfidenceandtheaudiencewillbeconvincedthatyouknowwhatyouaretalkingaboutevenifyourEnglishisnotsoperfect.Youraudiencewillunderstandifyoumakemistakes.Thinkofeveryspeechyougive,andthemistakesyoumake,asasteppingstonetowardbecomingamoreeffectivespeaker.122.4ThoroughlyprepareandvocallypracticeIfyouknowyourslidesaregood,thiswillhelpyouovercomesomeofyouranxiety.Practicebeforeaspeakingeventwillhelpyoufeelmoreconfidentaboutwhatyou’regoingtosayandhowyou’llsayit.Thefollowingmightbehelpful.132.4Thoroughlyprepareandvocallypractice1)

Numberyournotecards,sothey’llbeeasytoputbackinorderifyoudropthem.2)Bevocallyprepared.Whenyouarenervous,youtendtotalktooquicklyortoosoftly.Speakingtooquicklyorsoftlymakesithardforyouraudiencetounderstandyou.Deepbreathingiscrucial,bothforminimizinganxietyandforsupportingaclear,loudvoice.142.4Thoroughlyprepareandvocallypractice3)Speaktothebackoftheroomandpictureyourvoiceasapowerfullaserthatyoucanaimatallcornersoftheroom.Consciouslyinsertpauseandbreathsintoyourspeechbymarkingtheminyournotes.4)Rememberthatsilenceisapowerfulrhetoricaltoolthatservesyouaswellasyourlisteners,whoneedtimetodigestwhatyou’resaying.152.4Thoroughlyprepareandvocallypractice5)Avoidtryingtomemorizeeveryword.There’snoneedtomemorizeeverywordofyourspeech.Attemptingtodosowillsimplyincreasestress,andcausegreaternervousnessifthesequenceofthewordsyou’retryingtomemorizegoesamiss.6)Avoidreadingwordforword.Avoidreadingyourpresentationwordforwordfromascript.There’saBIGdifferencebetweenreadingandspeaking.Dryreadingdisseminatesinformation,oftenattheriskoftheaudiencetuningout.Speakingiscreatinganimpactwithyourcontentandpersonality,sothatnotonlyisyourmessageunderstood,yourprofessionalprofilerises.162.5Useshorterphrases,writeinsimplesentencesanduseeasygrammarAsyoupractice,makeyourphrasesshort.Shortphrasesgiveyoutimetopausequicklyandtobreathebetweentwophrases.Youcantrytousesimplesentencesthatdonotinvolvecomplexgrammar.Inaddition,youonlyneedalimitedknowledgeofEnglishgrammartodoapresentation.Complicatedformssuchasconditionalsandcontinuousformsarenotgenerallyrequired.Youcouldprobablymanagebyjustknowingthepresentsimple,pastsimple,will,andthepassiveform.172.6LearnrelaxationtechniquesDosomephysicalexercisesandwarmupyourbodybeforeyoubegin.Exercisereducestensionandhelpsyouconcentrate.Gettingalittlebitofphysicalactivitybeforeyourspeechwillcalmyouandhelpyougetridofexcessivenervousenergy.Breatheindeeply;

Exerciseyourjaw;

Relax/warmyourneckandshouldermuscles;

Getenoughsleepandhaveagoodmeal;

Trytakingawalkoutside,doingarmcircles,orstretchinggently.182.7CheckoutyourpresentationvenueItisadvisabletogetfamiliarwiththeroominthemeetingvenue.Visitthespaceaheadoftime.Getasmanydetailsasyoucanabouttheroom,theaudience,theequipment,yourtimeconstraints,etc.Makesure:Howfaryouarefromtheaudience;

Howloudyouwillhavetospeak;

Whetheryouwillneedamicrophone;

Whetheryouwillhaveapodium;

Whereyouwillstand,sothattheaudiencecanalwaysseeyouandyoudon’ttripoveranywires;Howtheremotecontrolworks;

Howeffectivethelaserpointeris,trythemainfunctions,suchasblank,hide,muteandnoshow;Whetherchalkandpensareavailablefortheblackboard/whiteboard;

Whetheryouneedawatch,oristhereabigclockatthebackoftheroom;

Someoneisgoingtointroduceyouoryouwillneedtointroduceyourself.192.8PrepareforforgettingwhatyouwanttosayAfrequentproblemoccurringduringpresentationisforgettingwhatyouwanttosay.Ifyougetstuck,don’tpanic.Youcan:

Drinksomewater,andusethistimetoremindyourself;

Breathe,lookatyournotes,andusekeywordoutlinestogetyoubackontrack;Say“IamsorryIcan’tthinkoftheword.Inanycase…”Andthenyousimplyproceedwiththenextpoint.202.8PrepareforforgettingwhatyouwanttosayWhenyouforgetwhereyouareduringthepresentation,thefollowingmightbeofsomehelp:Sorry,whatwasIsaying?

Wherewereweupto?Cananyoneremindme?

SorryI’velosttrackofwhatIwassaying.

Sorry,IseemtohaveforgottenwhatIwassaying.212.9PrepareforthesoftwareortheequipmentbreakingdownYes,there’sagoodchancethatyourPowerPointwillcrash,butallhopeisnotlost.

PowerPointisnotalwaysreliable.Testthateverythingworksappropriatelyinadvance.Dohaveabackupplan,suchashandouts,overheads,etc.Theaudiencewillappreciateyourabilitytorecoverwithgraceandkeepthepresentationmovingdespitetechnicaldifficulties.Somesuccessfulpresentationsaredonewithnoslides.Ifyouhaveaprintoutofyourslidesandyourcomputerbreaksdowncompletely,thenyoucancontinuewithouttheslides,andifnecessary,drawgraphsonawhiteboard.222.10OrganizeyourtimePresentationsrarelygoaccordingtoplan,justbecausefrequentlythepreviouspresentergoesoverhis/herallocatedtimesothatyouhavelesstimetodoyourpreparation.Youcan:232.10OrganizeyourtimePracticewithastopwatch.Dothisoftenenoughthatyougetasenseoftiming.

Knowexactlyhowmuchtimeyouneedforeachpartofyourpresentation.Writedownthefinishingtimeonapieceofpaperandhavethepaperbesideyourlaptop.

242.10OrganizeyourtimeHaveaclock/watchwithyouduringyourspeechandnotetoyourselfspecificplacesinyourspeechwhereyouwillchecktheclocktoseehowyou’redoing.Seeingyourwatchbythelaptopwillremindyoutocheckthetime.Putyourmostimportantpointsinthefirsthalfofthepresentation,notinthesecondhalforneartheend.252.10OrganizeyourtimeThinkinadvancewhatslidesyoucouldcut,particularlythoseinthelatterpartofthepresentation.Planhowtoreducetheamountyousayforparticularslides.

Rehearsehowyouwouldcutdownyourspeechifyoufindyourselfrunninglowontime.Don’tsuddenlysay“Iwillhavetostophere.”Instead,makeabriefconclusionifyoudon’trunoutoftime.Shareanextrastoryorexample,oranswermorequestionsandhavealongerQ&Asessionattheendofthepresentation,ifyoufinishearlier.262.10OrganizeyourtimeWhenyougooveryourallocatedtime,trythefollowing:

Itlooksasifwearerunningoutoftime.WoulditbeokayifIcontinuedforanothertwominutes?Iamreallysorryaboutthis.Butinanycase,youcanfindtheconclusionsinthehandout.Iwillputacopyofthepresentationonourwebsite.27PartIIIWhyIsBodyLanguageImportant?283.WhyIsBodyLanguageImportant?Bodylanguageisakindofnon-verbalcommunication,wherethoughts,intentions,orfeelingsareexpressedbyphysicalbehaviors,suchasfacialexpressions,bodyposture,gestures,eyemovement,touchandtheuseofspace.

293.WhyIsBodyLanguageImportant?Bodylanguageisavitalformofcommunication,whichcanmakeorbreakyourpresentation.Itisanessentialpartofemotionalintelligence,whichcanhelpyoubondwithanotherperson,asmallgrouporalargeaudience.Whenyourbodylanguageisdeliberate,itshowsthatyouareincontrolandthatyouarehappytobewhereyouare,doingwhatyouaredoing.Non-verbalcommunicationissopowerfulthatitcanreinforceyourverbalmessageorcontradictit.Byfollowingthebodylanguageguidelinesbelow,youwillbeabletostrengthentheeffectivenessofyouroralpresentation.Inaddition,youcanwatchandpickupcuesfromotherpresenters.30PartIVWhatDoesBodyLanguageInclude?314.WhatDoesBodyLanguageInclude?4.1Posture4.2Gestures4.3Facialexpressions4.4Eyecontact4.5Voice4.6Dress324.1PostureOurpostureconveysalotaboutourlevelofconfidence.Goodposturegivestheimpressionofauthorityandconfidence.Anatural,straightopenbodypositionisbest.Ifyouarenotaccustomedtostandingstraight,youcanpracticebypressingyourspineagainstawall.Letyourarmsrestinarelaxedwayatyoursides,soyoudon’tappearstifforrigid.Trytoavoidthefollowing:Armsfoldedacrossyourchest,whichmakesyouslouch,andmakesyouappearclosed,disconnectedfromtheaudience;Armsclaspedbehindthebackmilitarystyle,whichmakesyouappeartooaloof;Handsonhips,whichmakesyouappeartoostrict,likeyouareabouttoscoldsomeone;Armsdowninfront,foldedbelowthewaist,whichmakesyouseemtoo“goody-goody”;Rockingbackandforth,whichmakesyouappearrestlessornervous.334.2GesturesFromanopenbodyposition,yourarmswillbefreetogestureastheywouldinnormalconversationinordertosupportyourwordsandemphasizecertainpoints.Inmostprofessionalpresentations,youcanaddmovementbysimplypointingtotheimportantfeaturesofyourpresentation.Atthesametime,avoidusingthesamegestureoverandover.Thefollowingshouldbeavoided.344.2Gestures

Puttingyourhandsinyourpockets,whichmakespeopletrustyouless; Jigglingyourkeysorotheritemsinyourpocket.Ifyoutendtofidget,emptyyourpocketsbeforehand; Playingwithyourjewelry,yourhair,oryourclothing,whichsignalsthatyouarenervous; Pushingyourglassesbackconstantly; Pushingyourhairasidefrequentlywithyourhandorshakingyourheadtopushasideyourhair; Sportingahairstylethatcoversyoureyes; Clickingyourballpointpen; Takingyourpenormarker’scapsonandoff; Scratchingyourface,head,oranyotherpartofyourbody; Checkingyourwatchfrequently; Drummingyourfingersonthelecternortable; Tappingyourfeetorbouncingyourlegs.Checkyourlegsandfeeteveryonceinawhiletomakesuretheyarestill.

354.3FacialexpressionsDuringapresentation,yourfaceconveysmoretoyouraudiencethananyotherpartofyourbody.Thisisbecausetheaudiencewillbelookingatyourfacemostofthetime.Yourfacialexpressionscancommunicatepositivemessagessuchasconfidence,friendliness,andenthusiasm.Theycouldalsocommunicatefear,frustration,orlackofcontrol.

364.3FacialexpressionsSincefacialexpressionsrevealyourtruefeelings,itisimportanttolearntoconveytherightmessages.Themostimportantthingyoucandoistosmileagenuinesmile.Asmilecommunicatesconfidenceandsincerity.Itsaysthatyouknowwhatyouaredoing,thatyouarehappytobethere,andthatyouareenjoyinggivingthepresentation(evenifyou’renot).Itmakesyoumorelikable.Ifyousmile,theaudienceisalsomorelikelytosmilebackatyou,whichinturnwillmakeyoufeelmorecomfortable.374.3FacialexpressionsAvoidaphony,forced,orartificialsmile.Itwillonlyrevealthatyoureallydon’twanttobethere.Whenit’sinappropriatetosmile,youcanuseyoureyesandyoureyebrowstocommunicate.Inotherwords,useallofyourfacetosupportyourwords.384.4EyecontactEstablishingandmaintainingeyecontactwithyouraudiencewillmakeyouseemmoreconfident,relaxed,andinteresting.Italsoforcestheaudiencetolookbackatyou.Onceyoustartimplementingthistechnique,youwillrealizehoweffectivelyyoucanmakeapersonalconnectionwithvariousmembersofyouraudience.Rememberthefollowingrules:394.4EyecontactInsmallgroups,lookateachpersonintheaudienceforaboutthreeseconds.Inlargegroups,lookatdifferentsectionsoftheaudience.Ifyouonlylookinonedirectionallthetime,othersectionsofyouraudiencewillfeelleftout.Avoiddirectingyourattentiontothekeydecisionmakerinthegroup.Itwillmakehimorherfeeluncomfortableandmaketherestoftheaudiencefeelignored.Moveyourheadslowlyfromtimetotimetogiveattentiontoallmembersofyouraudienceequally.Duringyourpresentation,youcancomfortyourselfbyfocusingonmembersoftheaudiencewhorespondwithanodorasmile.Itwillhelpyoufeelmoreconfidentandrelaxedtoknowthatyourwordsarehavingapositiveeffectonyouraudienceandthatyourmessageisbeingwell-received.Avoidpayingattentiontothoseaudiencewhoseemboredordispleased.Theymayhaveotherthingsontheirminds,unrelatedtoyourpresentation.404.5VoiceYourvoiceisyourmainmeansofcommunicatingthecontentofyourmessage.Thewayyousaycanhaveagreatimpactontheaudience.Thereismuchyoucandotolearnhowtouseyourvoiceconfidentlyandclearly,andtodevelopastrongvocalimageandidentity.Qualitiesofvoiceincludethreemainelements:intonation,pitch,andpace.414.5VoiceIntonationreferstotheriseandfallofyourvoice,whichhasthepotentialtoengageandholdthelistenerortunehimout.Thisqualitymayvarygreatlyindifferentcultures.Pitch,ontheotherhand,meanshowhighorlowyourvoicesounds.Manypresentersuseathin,high-pitchedvoicewhichcouldsoundharshandlackinauthority.Ifthishappenstoyou,tryconsciouslyloweringthepitchofyourvoicealittleatatime.Pacereferstothespeedandtempoofourspeech.Varyingthepaceforemphasiswillmakeyourpresentationmoreenergetic.424.5VoiceThefollowingwillimprovethetoneandqualityofyourvoice.Speakup

Yourvoiceshouldbeloudenoughthatnooneintheaudienceshouldhavetostraintohearyou.Projectyourvoicetothebackoftheroom,butdon’tshouteither.Ifnecessary,arrangetohaveamicrophoneavailable.Ifthemembersofyouraudiencecannothearyou,allyourpreparationisuseless.Breathenormally

Inordinaryconversation,yoursentencesareshortandyoucancompletethemwithoutrunningoutofbreath.Dothesamewithyourpresentation.It’snotarace;it’sapresentation.Takecontrolofthetime,howevershortorlongitmaybe.Rememberthatyoudon’thavetofilleverysinglesecondwiththesoundofyourvoice.Oneofthemostobvioussignsofaninexperiencedspeakerisonewhokeepsrunningoutofbreathduringapresentation.434.5VoicePausebetweensentences!Pausebetweensections!Pausebetweenslides!Doingthiswillnotonlygiveyoutimetobreathe,butalsoprovideanicebreakfortheaudiencetodigestwhatyouhavebeensaying.444.5VoiceSpeakwithvarietyandenthusiasm

Useawell-modulatedandvariedtoneofvoice,asyouwouldinanormalconversation,sothatyoudon’tsoundmonotonous.Varythevolume,speedandrhythmofyourvoicetokeepyourlistenersengaged.

Useemphasiswhennecessarytodrawattentiontokeyinformationanddifferentiateitfromtherest.Otherwise,useapleasingtoneandspeechrhythm.Emphasizeappropriately

Tohelpyouraudiencereceivethecorrectmessage,makesureyouplaceemphasisonthecorrectwordsinyoursentence.Itcanchangetheimpliedmeaningdrastically.Lookattheexamplebelow:Iworkontheweekend.(Iworkthen,butyoudon’t.)

Iworkontheweekend.(Idon’tsitaroundorrelax—IWORK!)

Iworkontheweekend.(EmphasizingwhenIwork,andthatIamnotfreeatthattime.)Soundcalmandfriendly

Acalm,friendly-soundingvoicecaninvitepeopletomakecontactwithyou.Beespeciallycarefulwhenansweringquestionsfromtheaudience,asaparticularquestionmaycatchyouoffguard,evenifyourpresentationhasgoneoverwell.Don’trush

Maintainamoderatepace.Thespeedandrhythmofyourspeechisimportant,asclearcommunicationdemandsappropriatepausestosupportyourwords.

Ifyouhavealotofmaterialstocoverinyourpresentation,theanswerisnottohurrythroughyourpresentation.Thinkofotherwaystoprovidetheinformationtotheaudience.Youcouldgivehandoutswhichelaborateonyourkeypoints.Youcouldarrangeinadvancetohavemoretimetospeak.Youcouldcutdownthelengthofyourspeech.Plantocoveryourmainmessagesatareasonablepace,ratherthanrushingthrough.Avoidcrutchwords

Somepeoplehavethehabitofusingfillersounds—suchasuh,eh,orahh—whiletheyarethinkingaboutwhattosaynext.Otherpeopleoverusecrutchwords,suchasyouknow,basically,oractually.Asidefromsoundingunprofessional,thiscanbeannoyingforthelisteners.Ifyoutendtousethesewordswhenyouarenervousorforgetful,rememberthatyoudon’thavetospeakallthetime,especiallyifyouaretryingtofilltheemptyspaces.Exerciseyourvocalcords

Tostrengthenyourvocalcords,trydoingthefollowinghummingexercise.Startbyinhalingnormally.Thenexhaleslowlyandsaytheword“hum”.Repeattheexerciseforafewminutesandtrytohumwithoutfluctuationsandinterruptions.454.6DressAppearancealonedoesn’tmakethespeaker,butitdoesinfluencetheeffectivenessofyourpresentation.Dressthewayyouwouldliketheaudiencetoperceiveyou.Followsomebasicrules:Beneat.

Ironyourclothes.

Shineyourshoes.

Cleanandtrimyourfingernails.

Checkyourmakeup.

Brushyourteeth.464.6DressBeawarethatyourclothescanprojectahighauthorityimage,aneutralimage,oralowauthorityimage.Remembertodressfortheaudienceandnotforyourself.Thismeanstakingintoaccountthedemographicsoftheaudience—age,level,education,industry—aswellastheirculturale