英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)翻譯總攻-語(yǔ)法精要

英語(yǔ)四六級(jí)翻譯總攻——語(yǔ)法精要Ⅰ動(dòng)詞(時(shí)態(tài),語(yǔ)態(tài),用法,省略,一致性等)時(shí)態(tài)1)現(xiàn)在完成進(jìn)行時(shí)態(tài)(have/hasbeen+-ing分詞構(gòu)成):動(dòng)作或狀態(tài)從過(guò)去某時(shí)開始,繼續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,可能繼續(xù)下去,也可能剛剛結(jié)束.I’vebeenwritinglettersforanhour.I’vebeensittinginthegarden.2)過(guò)去完成進(jìn)行時(shí)(由hadbeen+ing分詞構(gòu)成):過(guò)去某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作I’dbeenworkingforsometimewhenhecalled.Wehadbeenwaitingforherfortwohoursbythetimeshecame.3)將來(lái)完成進(jìn)行時(shí):將來(lái)某個(gè)時(shí)刻以前一直在進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作.Bynextsummer,hewillhavebeenworkingherefortwentyyears.Inanothermonth’stimeshe’llhavebeenstudyinghereforthreeyears.4)將來(lái)完成時(shí)(由shall/willhave+過(guò)去分詞構(gòu)成):將來(lái)某時(shí)會(huì)業(yè)已發(fā)生的事.Ishallhavefinishedthisonebeforelunch.They’llhavehittheyear’stargetbytheendofOctober.語(yǔ)態(tài)可以有兩種被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)的類型,例如:Hewassaidtobejealousofhersuccess.Itwassaidthathewasjealousofhersuccess.能同時(shí)適用于上述兩個(gè)句型的主動(dòng)詞通常都是表示“估計(jì)”,“相信”等意義的動(dòng)詞,常見的有assume,believe,expect,fear,feel,know,presume,report,say,suppose,understand等.Itissupposedthattheshiphasbeensunk.Theshipissupposedtohavebeensunk.擔(dān)當(dāng)besupposedto與不定式的一般形式搭配時(shí)往往表示不同的意義.例如:Whyareyoudrivingsofastinthisarea?Youaresupposedtoknowthespeedtoknowthespeedlimit.(你應(yīng)該曉得速度限制)雙賓語(yǔ)及賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):雙賓語(yǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),可以把主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)中的一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ),另一個(gè)賓語(yǔ)仍然保留在謂語(yǔ)后面,但多數(shù)是把間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ).Hewasaskedanumberofquestionsatthepressconference.Twodayswereallowedthemformakingthenecessarypreparations.賓補(bǔ)結(jié)構(gòu)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):ShewascalledBigSisterbyeverybody.Thenhewasmadeasquadleader.Hewasconsideredquitequalifiedforthejob.Theroomwasalwayskeptcleanandtidy.短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞Vi+advTheplanetookofftwohourslate.Vi+prepTheylookedroundtheCathedral.Vi+prep(有被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))She’slookingafterhersister’schildren.Thechildrenwerealwayswelllookedafter.Vi+adv+prepIbegantolookforwardtotheirvisits.Vt+O+advSomewomenchoosetostayathomeandbringuptheirchildren.Thechildrenwerebroughtupbytheirmother.Theytookhimon.Vt+adv+O(無(wú)被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài))Iamtryingtogiveupsmoking.Vt+O+prepWetalkedDonaldintoagreement.省略在以as,than,when,if,unless等引導(dǎo)的從句中的省略:在有些狀語(yǔ)從句中,如果謂語(yǔ)包含有動(dòng)詞be,主語(yǔ)又和主句的主語(yǔ)一致a),或者主語(yǔ)是itb),就常?？梢园褟木渲械闹髡Z(yǔ)和謂語(yǔ)的一部分(特別是動(dòng)詞be)省略掉.Lookoutforcarswhencrossingthestreet.Whentakenaccordingtothedirections,thedrughasnosideeffects.Whiletherehejoinedinvoluntarylabouronaproject.Althoughnotyetsixmonthsold,shewasabletowalkwithoutsupport.Ifnotwellmanaged,irrigationcanbeharmful.Thoughreducedinnumbers,theygainedinfightingcapacity.Thisviewpoint,howeverunderstandable,iswrong.Enemies,oncediscovered,weretightlyencircledandcompletelywipedout.Shehurriedlylefttheroomasthough/ifangry.Sheworkedextremelyhardthoughstillratherpoorinhealth.Fillintheapplicationasinstructed.Wheneverknown,suchfactsshouldbereported.Thedocumentswillbereturnedassoonassigned.Hesaidthatnoacrobatcouldeverperformthosedaringfeatsunlesstrainedveryyoung.Oncehavingmadeapromise,youshouldkeepit.IfnecessaryI’llhavetheletterduplicated.Fillintheblankswitharticleswhere(ver)necessary.Ifpossible,Ishouldliketohavetwocopiesofit.Asscheduled,theymetonJanuary20attheChineseEmbassy.在以thana)或asb)引起的從句中,常會(huì)有一些成分省略.Hetoldmenottousemorematerialthan(itis)necessary.Weshouldthinkmoreofthecollectivethanofourselves.Theyworkedwithasmuchenthusiasmasyoungpeople(did).Heisnowavice-manager,butstilloftenworksinthekitchenasbefore.Theirtrainingisfree,asisalleducation.Wewill,asalways,standonyourside.錯(cuò)誤的省略HislifeisasfullycommittedtobooksasanyoneIknow.Whilestandingthereinhernightgown,twobulletsstruckthewallbesideher.一致如果主語(yǔ)是單數(shù),盡管后面跟有with,togetherwith,aswellas,asmuchas,nolessthan,morethan等引導(dǎo)的短語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞仍舊用單數(shù)形式.Terry,alongwithherfriend,goesskatingeverySaturday.Anexpert,togetherwithsomeassistants,wassenttohelpinthiswork.Thecaptain,aswellasthecoaches,wasdisappointedintheteam.代詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí)的一致each,either,neither和由some,any,no,every構(gòu)成的復(fù)合代詞,都作單數(shù)看待.Eachofushassomethingtosay.Iseverybodyready?Somebodyisusingthephone.Neitherofushasgonethroughregulartraining.Haseitherofthemtoldyou?some,few,both,many等作復(fù)數(shù)some可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接單數(shù),表示某一.none作復(fù)數(shù)看待時(shí)較多,但也有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,主要看說(shuō)話人腦中聯(lián)系想到的是復(fù)數(shù)還是單數(shù)概念,但none在代表不可數(shù)的東西時(shí)總是看作單數(shù):NoneofthebooksareeasyenoughforusNoneofusseemtohavethoughtofit.None(=notasingleone)ofushasgotacamera.None(=nobody)hasfeltitmorekeenlythanshedid.Noneofthisworriesme.all和most可后接復(fù)數(shù),也可接不可數(shù)名詞(allofthe…,mostofthe…),動(dòng)詞用單數(shù).由and或both…and連接名詞詞組時(shí),后用復(fù)數(shù);由notonly…but(also),either…or,neither…nor或or連接的并列主語(yǔ),謂語(yǔ)通常和最鄰近的主語(yǔ)一致.Notonlytheswitchesbutalsotheoldwritinghasbeenchanged.Mysisterormybrotherislikelytobeathome.EitheryouorMrYangistodothework.NeithermywifenorImyselfamabletopersuademydaughtertochangehermind.如果一個(gè)句子是由there或here引導(dǎo),而主語(yǔ)又不止一個(gè),謂語(yǔ)通常也和最鄰近的那個(gè)主語(yǔ)一致.Therewascarvedintheboardadragonandaphoenix.Hereisapen,afewenvelopesandsomepaperforyou.people,police,cattle,poultry(家禽),militia(民兵)等通常都用作復(fù)數(shù).Cattlearegrazingonthepasture.Thepolicearelookingforhim.有些集體名詞有時(shí)作單數(shù)看待,有時(shí)作復(fù)數(shù)看待,主要根據(jù)意思來(lái)決定.Hisfamilyisn’tverylarge.Hisfamilyareallmusiclovers.Thecommitteemeetstwiceamonth.Thecommitteearedividedinopinion.Theaudiencewasenormous.Theaudienceweregreatlymovedatthewords.有些名詞單復(fù)數(shù)同形,可根據(jù)意思決定謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的數(shù):Thisnewseriesisbeginningnextmonth.Thesenewseriesarebeginningnextmonth.Thisspeciesisnowextinct.Thesespeciesarenowextinct.表示時(shí)間,重量,長(zhǎng)度,價(jià)值等的名詞,盡管仍是復(fù)數(shù)形式,如果作整體看待,動(dòng)詞也可用單數(shù)形式(當(dāng)然用復(fù)數(shù)動(dòng)詞也是可以的):Threeweekswasallowedformakingthenecessarypreparations.Onehundredliwascoveredinasinglenight.其他問(wèn)題書名,國(guó)家名用單數(shù):TalesfromShakespeareisabookbyCharlesLamb.學(xué)科名,如mathematics,economics用單數(shù).manya或morethanone所修飾的詞作主語(yǔ)時(shí),謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞多用單數(shù)形式:Manyapersonhashadthatkindofexperience.Morethanonepersonhasinvolvedinthecase.anumberof后接復(fù)數(shù),thenumberof后接單數(shù):Anumberofbookshavebeenpublishedonthesubject.Thenumberofbookspublishedonthesubjectissimplyamazing.oneofthose后用單數(shù).在“oneof+復(fù)數(shù)名詞+關(guān)系分句”結(jié)構(gòu)中，關(guān)系分句中謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的單復(fù)數(shù)形式在一般情況下有兩形式，一是根據(jù)先行詞采用復(fù)數(shù)形式：Joanisoneofthosepeoplewhogooutoftheirwaytobehelpful.當(dāng)one之前友theonly等限定詞和修飾語(yǔ)時(shí)，關(guān)系分句謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞根據(jù)one而定，即采用單數(shù)形式：Heistheonlyoneofthoseboyswhoiswillingtotakeonanotherassignment.Ⅱ非謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞不定式形式主動(dòng)形式被動(dòng)形式一般式todotobedone完成式tohavedonetohavebeendone進(jìn)行式tobedoing完成進(jìn)行式tohavebeendoing完成式:不定式的一般形式所表示的動(dòng)作,通常與主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))同時(shí)(或幾乎同時(shí))發(fā)生,或是在它之后發(fā)生.假如不定式所表示的動(dòng)作,在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))之前發(fā)生,就要用不定式的完成式.Iamgladtohaveseenyourmother(=IamgladIhaveseenyourmother).(比較:Iamgladtoseeyou.)Heissaidtohavewrittenanewbookaboutworkers.Hepretendednottohaveseenme.進(jìn)行式:如果主要謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作(狀態(tài))發(fā)生時(shí),不定式表示的動(dòng)作正在進(jìn)行,這時(shí)要用不定式的進(jìn)行式.Youarenotsupposedtobeworking.Youhaven’tquiterecoveredyet.Wedidn’texpectyoutobewaitingforushere.Hepretendedtobelisteningattentively.完成進(jìn)行式:在謂語(yǔ)所表示的時(shí)間之前一直進(jìn)行的動(dòng)作,就要用不定式的完成進(jìn)行式.Thestrugglewasknowntohavebeengoingfortwentyyears.Wearehappytohavebeenworkingwithyou.被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)不定式的邏輯上的主語(yǔ)是不定式所表示的動(dòng)作的承受者時(shí),不定式一般要用被動(dòng)形式.Itisanhonourformetobeaskedtospeakhere.Shehatedtobeflattered.Hewantedthelettertobetypedatonce.Thisisboundtobefoundout.Therearealotofthingstobedone.Shewastooyoungtobeassignedsuchwork.功用:不定式可以作主語(yǔ)(a),賓語(yǔ)(b),表語(yǔ)(c),定語(yǔ)(d)或是狀語(yǔ)(e).a.Toscoldherwouldnotbejust.b.Weareplanningtobuildareservoirhere.c.Oneofourmaintasksnowistomechanizeagriculture.d.Doyouhaveanythingtodeclare?e.Wehavecometolearnfromyou.不帶to的不定式:在“動(dòng)詞+賓語(yǔ)+不定式”結(jié)構(gòu)中,如果動(dòng)詞是表示感覺意義的see,hear,watch,smell,feel,notice等,或是表示“致使”意義的have,make,let等,其后的不定式結(jié)構(gòu)不帶to.Johnmadehertellhimeverything.這類結(jié)構(gòu)轉(zhuǎn)換為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí),后面的不帶to的不定式一般還原為帶to的不定式.Shewasmadetotellhimeverything.在hadbetter,hadbest,wouldrather,wouldsooner,wouldjustassoon,might(just)aswell,cannotbut等搭配之后,動(dòng)詞不定式也不帶to.I’drathernothaveeggsandbaconforbreakfast.Theycannotbutaccepthisterm.在makedo,makebelieve,letdrop,letfall,letfly,letslip,letdrive,letgoof,lettherebe,hearsay,heartell,leavegoof等固定搭配中,用不帶to的動(dòng)詞不定式.Johnletflyatorrentofabuseatme.I’veheardtellofhim.在動(dòng)詞help(或help+賓語(yǔ))之后可用不帶to的不定式,也可用帶to的不定式.CanIhelp(to)liftthisheavybox?在介詞except,but之后,如果其前有動(dòng)詞do的某種形式,不定式一般不帶to,反之帶to.Thereisnothingtodoexceptwaittillitstopsraining.Smithwilldoanythingbutworkonafarm.There’snochoicebuttowaittillitstopsraining.連詞ratherthan,soonerthan置于句首時(shí),其后的不定式不帶to.Ratherthanpushthebookbackashewantedtodo,heforcedhimselftopickitup.出現(xiàn)在句中其他位置時(shí),其后的不定式有時(shí)帶to,有時(shí)不帶to.Hedecidedtowriteratherthantelephone.Themanagerbelievesitisimportanttoinvestinnewmachineryratherthantoincreasewages.用作補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞不定式,如果主語(yǔ)是由“all+關(guān)系分句”，“thing+關(guān)系分句”，“what分句”或“thing+不定式結(jié)構(gòu)”等構(gòu)成，并帶有do的某種形式，這時(shí)，作為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)語(yǔ)的不定式可以省to，也可以不省.Whathewilldois(to)spoilthewholething.AllyoudonowiscompletetheformTheonlythingIcandonowisgoonbymyself.Thethingtodonowisclearupthismess.TheleastIcandoisdriveeverybodyelseclosertotheissue.不定式的其他用法too…to結(jié)構(gòu)通常表示否定意義:Shewastooyoungtounderstandallthat.enough…to結(jié)構(gòu)則表示肯定意義:Shewasnotoldenoughtounderstandallthat.nottoo,buttoo,alltoo,onlytoo等和不定式連用時(shí),不定式一般不表示否定意義:He’sonlytoopleasedtohelpher.so…as(to)這種結(jié)構(gòu)也可用不定式作狀語(yǔ):Besokindastodropinsometimewhenyouarefree.如果要說(shuō)明不定是表示的動(dòng)作是誰(shuí)做的,可以在不定式前加一個(gè)for引起的短語(yǔ):Itisnothardforonetodoabitofgood.Itisagreathonourforustobepresentatthisrally.在以某些形容詞(如kind,good,nice,wise,unwise,clever,silly,wrong,right,foolish,stupid,careless,considerate,rude,naughty,impolite等)作表語(yǔ)時(shí),不定式前可加一個(gè)of引起的短語(yǔ),來(lái)說(shuō)明不定式指的是誰(shuí)的情況:It’skindofyoutothinksomuchofus.(Itis)Awfullygoodofyoutocomeandmeetus.It’sveryniceofyoutobesoconsiderate.It’sunwiseofthemtoturndowntheproposal.V+ing形式(現(xiàn)在分詞及動(dòng)名詞)形式完成式:如果要表示動(dòng)名詞代表的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,通常用動(dòng)名詞的完成形式.Hedidn’tmentionhavingmetme.Iregretnothavingtakenheradvice.在某些動(dòng)詞后(或成語(yǔ)中),常用(或可以用)動(dòng)名詞的一般形式,盡管動(dòng)作是在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生的.Excusemeforcominglate.Idon’tremembereverseeinghimanywhere.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成式主要用在狀語(yǔ)中,表示這動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)所表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生.Havingbeentheremanytimes,heofferedtobeourguide.Havingfoundthecause,theywereabletoproposearemedy.另外,獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)也可用現(xiàn)在分詞的完成形式.Theguestshavingleft,theyresumedtheirdiscussion.Thechildren,havingeatingtheirfill,wereallowedtoleavethetable.被動(dòng)式:當(dāng)一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ)所表示的是這動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí),動(dòng)名詞一般要用被動(dòng)形式.Hisbeingneglectedbythehostaddedtohisuneasiness.Hecouldn’tbearbeingmadefunoflikethat.但要注意,在want,need,deserve,require等動(dòng)詞后,盡管表示的是被動(dòng)的意思,卻用動(dòng)名詞的主動(dòng)形式.Mypenneedsfilling.Thepointdeservesmentioning.Thisproblemrequiresstudyingwithgreatcare.在worth這個(gè)形容詞后情形也是這樣.Hermethodisworthtrying.現(xiàn)在分詞的被動(dòng)式可以用來(lái)作定語(yǔ),賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ),狀語(yǔ)及用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Thisisoneoftheexperimentsbeingcarriedoninourlaboratory.You’llfindthetopicbeingdiscussedeverywhere.Beingaskedtogiveaperformance,shecouldn’tverywellrefuse.Thesearesoldatreducedprices,thedefectsalwaysbeingpointedouttothecustomers.完成被動(dòng)式:如果表示的動(dòng)作在謂語(yǔ)表示的動(dòng)作之前發(fā)生,有時(shí)需要用動(dòng)名詞的完成被動(dòng)式.Idon’trememberhavingeverbeengivenachancetotrythismethod.但在多數(shù)情況下都避免使用這一形式,而用一般被動(dòng)形式代替,以免句子顯得累贅.現(xiàn)在分詞的完成被動(dòng)式一般用來(lái)作狀語(yǔ)或用于獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu)中.Havingbeengivensuchagoodchance,howcouldsheletitslipaway?Thedecisionhavingbeenmade,thenextproblemwashowtomakeagoodplan.Allthecompositionshavingbeenwrittenandcollected,theteachersentthestudentshome.句法功用作主語(yǔ):Walkingisgoodexercise.It’snicetalkingtoyou.Thereisnodenyingthefactthatthenewmethodhasgreatlyraisedlabourproductivity.作賓語(yǔ):Yourshoesneedpolishing.Youmustn’tdelaysendingthetractorsover.Heavoidedgivingusadefiniteanswer.作介詞賓語(yǔ):動(dòng)名詞作介詞賓語(yǔ)用的時(shí)候最多.它?？梢杂迷谀承┏烧Z(yǔ)后面,常見的有:insiston,persistin,thinkof,dreamof,objectto,suspect…of,accuse…of,charge…with,hearof,approveof,prevent…from,keep…from,stop…from,refrainfrom,beengagedin,lookforwardto,opposedto,dependon,thank…for,feellike,excuse…for,aimat,devote…to,setabout,spend…in,get(be)usedto,befondof,becapableof,beafraidof,betiredof,besickof,succeedin,beinterestedin,feel(be)ashamedof,beproudof,bekeenon,beresponsiblefor.作表語(yǔ):Therealproblemisgettingtoknowtheneedsofthepeople.動(dòng)名詞和不定式都可以作主語(yǔ)或表語(yǔ).一般說(shuō)來(lái),在表示抽象的一般的行為時(shí)多用動(dòng)名詞;在表示具體某詞動(dòng)作,特別是將來(lái)的動(dòng)作時(shí),多用不定式.作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):分詞可以在see,hear,notice,watch,feel,find,keep,get,have等動(dòng)詞后作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).Thewordsimmediatelysetusalllaughing.Oncewecaughthimdozingoffinclass.Hisremarkleftmewonderingwhathewasdrivingat.在see,hear,feel,watch,notice等動(dòng)詞后,及可用現(xiàn)在分詞,也可用不定式構(gòu)成賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ).用現(xiàn)在分詞時(shí),表示動(dòng)作正在發(fā)生,用不定式時(shí)表示動(dòng)作發(fā)生了.Doyouhearsomeoneknockingatthedoor?Yes,Idid.Iheardhimknockthreetimes.作狀語(yǔ):現(xiàn)在分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),通常都表示主語(yǔ)正在進(jìn)行的另一動(dòng)作,來(lái)對(duì)謂語(yǔ)表示的主要?jiǎng)幼骷右孕揎椈蜃鳛榕阋r.Iranoutofthehouseshouting.Igothome,feelingverytired.DrivingtoChicagothatnight,Iwasstruckbyasuddenthought.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可以用作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Notknowingheraddress,wecouldn’tgetintouchwithher.Seeingnobodyathome,shedecidedtoleavethemanote.Havingalreadyseenthefilmtwice,shedidn’twanttogotothecinema.現(xiàn)在分詞短語(yǔ)有時(shí)可用作時(shí)間狀語(yǔ),相當(dāng)于when引起的從句:Seeingthosepictures,hecouldn’thelpthinkingofthosememorabledaystheyspenttogether.如果兩個(gè)動(dòng)作是完全同時(shí)發(fā)生的,多用when或while加分詞這種結(jié)構(gòu).Becarefulwhencrossingthestreet.Whenleavingtheairport,theywavedagainandagaintous.ShegottoknowthemwhileattendingaconferenceinBeijing.前面帶有代詞或名詞的動(dòng)名詞結(jié)構(gòu):一個(gè)動(dòng)名詞前面可以加一個(gè)物主代詞(或名詞的所有格結(jié)構(gòu)),來(lái)表示這個(gè)動(dòng)名詞邏輯上的主語(yǔ).Theircomingtohelpwasagreatencouragementtous.Oursoleworryisyourrelyingtoomuchonyourself.Doyoumindmyreadingyourpaper?Theyinsistedonmystayingthereforsupper.如果不是在句子開頭,這個(gè)結(jié)構(gòu)常?？梢杂妹~的普通格(或人稱代詞賓格),這比用所有格更自然一些.Idon’tmindhimgoing.Shehatespeoplelosingtheirtemper.只能用動(dòng)名詞作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:suggest,finish,avoid,stop,can’thelp,mind,admit,enjoy,leaveoff,require,postpone,putoff,delay,practise,fancy,excuse,pardon,advise,consider,deny,endure,escape,miss既可用動(dòng)名詞,也可用不定式作賓語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞:love,like,hate,dislike,begin,start,continue,intend,attempt,can’tbear,propose,want,need,remember,forget,regret,neglect,try,deserve,can’tafford等.有時(shí)兩種結(jié)構(gòu)之間意義差別不大,有時(shí)卻有不同的意思.在remember,regret,want,try等詞后差別是比較明顯的.Irememberseeingheroncesomewhere.Imustremembertotakemynotebookswithme.Iregretnothavingacceptedyouradvice.IregrettosayIhaven’tgivenyouenoughhelp.Shedoesn’twant(need)tocome.Thehousewants(needs)cleaning.Wemusttrytogeteverythingdoneintime.Let’strydoingtheworksomeotherway.懸垂修飾:分詞作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),表示的必須是主語(yǔ)的一個(gè)動(dòng)作或狀態(tài).Walkingthroughthepark,wesawalotofflowers.(walking是we的動(dòng)作,正確)Walkingthroughthepark,theflowerslookedverybeautiful.(錯(cuò)誤)Standingonthetower,wecouldseethewholecity.(正確)Standingonthetower,thewholevillagecouldbeseen.(錯(cuò)誤)分詞意義:過(guò)去分詞通常來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,帶有被動(dòng)意義和完成意義;而現(xiàn)在分詞有的來(lái)自及物動(dòng)詞,有的來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞,通常帶有主動(dòng)意義和未完成意義.frozenfood afreezingwindaboredtraveller aboringjourneyalostcause alosingbattleaconqueredarmy aconqueringarmyafinishedarticle thelastfinishingtouchthespokenword aspeakingbirdaclosedshop theclosinghourarecordedtalk arecordingmachine來(lái)自不及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞很少能單獨(dú)用作前置修飾語(yǔ),能作這樣用的僅限于下面幾個(gè)詞,僅表示完成意義,不表示被動(dòng)意義.therisensun,fallenleaves,faded/witheredflowers,returnedstudents,retiredworkers,departedfriends,escapedprisoners,thevanishedjewels,newly-arrivedvisitors用作后置修飾語(yǔ)的過(guò)去分詞一般都帶有修飾語(yǔ)或其他成分,在意義上相當(dāng)于關(guān)系分句.Mostofthepeopleinvitedtothereceptionwereoldfriends.句法作用作定語(yǔ):distinguishedguest貴賓,unknownheroes無(wú)名英雄,armedforces武裝部隊(duì),cannedfood罐頭食品,boiledwater開水,steamedbread饅頭,strickenarea災(zāi)區(qū)分詞還可構(gòu)成合成詞作定語(yǔ):simply-furnishedroom陳設(shè)簡(jiǎn)單的房間,clear-cutanswer明確的答復(fù),highly-developedindustry高度發(fā)展的工業(yè),heartfeltthanks衷心的感謝,hand-madegoods手工制品,man-madesatellite人造衛(wèi)星作補(bǔ)足語(yǔ):可以帶過(guò)去分詞作賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)的動(dòng)詞有:see,hear,feel,find,think等表示感覺和心理狀態(tài)的動(dòng)詞.Isawthestudentsassembledinthehall.Wefoundhergreatlychanged.make,get,have,keep等表示”致使”意義的動(dòng)詞:Ihavemyhaircuteverytendays.Shegotherbadtoothpulledout.Pleasekeepusinformedofthelatestdevelopments.like,want,wish,order等表示希望,要求,命令等意義的動(dòng)詞:Idon’twantanyofyou(tobe)involvedinthescandal.Hewon’tlikesuchquestions(tobe)discussedatthemeeting.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)常用作狀語(yǔ),修飾謂語(yǔ),很多都說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的背景或情況.Guidedbytheseprinciples,theywentonwiththework,Delightedwithherwork,theymadeherthegeneralmanager.過(guò)去分詞短語(yǔ)也可作狀語(yǔ)表示原因,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示原因的狀語(yǔ)從句.Influencedbyhisexample,theyperformedcountlessgooddeeds.有時(shí)也可說(shuō)明動(dòng)作發(fā)生的時(shí)間,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)表示時(shí)間的狀語(yǔ)從句.Thismethod,triedinareasnearShanghai,resultedinamarkedriseintotalproduction.間或也可表示一個(gè)假設(shè)的情況,相當(dāng)于一個(gè)條件從句.Givencloseranalysis,wecanseethisistotallywrong.偶爾也可用來(lái)代替一個(gè)“讓步”狀語(yǔ)從句.Picked20yearsayear,itgrowstiredonlyafter40or50years.獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu):在用分詞短語(yǔ)作狀語(yǔ)時(shí),它邏輯上的主語(yǔ)一般必須與句子的主語(yǔ)一.致.但有時(shí)它也可以有自己獨(dú)立的邏輯上的主語(yǔ),這種結(jié)構(gòu)稱為獨(dú)立結(jié)構(gòu),一般表示一種伴隨的動(dòng)作或情況.Herushedintotheroom,hisfacecoveredwithsweat.有時(shí)可以表示時(shí)間:Latethatautumn,hisworkfinished,hepreparedtoreturntohisinstitute.表示原因:Hereyesdimmedwithtears,shedidnotseehimenter.條件:Allthingsconsidered,herpaperisofgreatervaluethanyours.Ⅲ虛擬語(yǔ)氣that從居中:wish,wouldrather(sooner),hadbetter:IwishIwereasstrongasyou.IwishIhadpaidmoreattentiontoourpronunciation.IwishIrememberedtheaddress.Iwouldrathertheycametomorrow(youhadgonetheretoo).Ihadrather(that)youtoldhimthanIdid.suggest,order,demand,propose,command,request,desire,insist等動(dòng)詞后的賓語(yǔ)從句:Thecommanderorderedthatallcivilians(should)beevacuated.Heaskedthathebegivenanopportunitytotry.Sheurgedthathewriteandacceptthepost.itisdesired,itissuggested,itisrequested,itwasordered,itwasproposed,itisnecessary,itisimportant,ithasbeendecided等結(jié)構(gòu)后的主語(yǔ)從句中.ItwasarrangedthattheyleavethefollowingweekItwillbebetterthatwemeetsomeothertime.suggestion,motion,proposal,order,recommendations,plan,idea等后面的表語(yǔ)從句和同位語(yǔ)從句:Hissolerequirementis(was)thatthysystembeadjusted.在某些句型中itistimethatItistimethatwewent(或shouldgo)tobed.Itishightimewe(should)putanendtothiscontroversy.asif(though)引起的從句:Theytalked(aretalking)asiftheyhadbeenfriendsforyears.Itseemsasifitwas(were)springtoday.Heacts(acted)asif(though)hewere(was)anexpert.以lest,forfearthat和incase引起的從句(這時(shí)謂語(yǔ)多用should+動(dòng)詞原形):Hetookhisraincoatwithhimlestitshouldrain.Heputhiscoatoverthechildforfearthat(或lest)heshouldcatchcold.I’llkeepaseatforyouincaseyoushouldneedit.以whatever,whoever,nomatterwhat這類代詞或詞組引起的從句(這時(shí),謂語(yǔ)多用may加動(dòng)詞原形構(gòu)成):Whateverdefectshemayhave,heisanhonestman.Comewhatmay,wewillgoahead. 不管發(fā)生什么情況,我們都要干下去.Iacceptthatheisoldandfrail;bethatasitmay,he’sstillagoodpolitician.我承認(rèn)他年老體衰,然而盡管如此,它仍是優(yōu)秀的政治家.條件句虛擬條件句主要有下面兩類:表示現(xiàn)在及將來(lái)情況(表示純?nèi)患僭O(shè)或?qū)崿F(xiàn)的可能性不大的情況):謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下(be多用were這個(gè)形式):從句主句過(guò)去式would+動(dòng)詞原形IfIwereyou,Iwouldn’tloseheart.Howniceitwouldbeifyoucouldstayabitlonger.表示過(guò)去情況的虛擬條件句(與事實(shí)完全相反的假設(shè)情況),謂語(yǔ)主要形式如下:從句主句had+過(guò)去分詞wouldhave+過(guò)去分詞Shewouldhavecomeifwehadinvitedher.IfIhadn’ttakenyouradvice,Iwouldhavemadeabadmistake,Youwouldn’thavecaughtcoldifyouhadputonmoreclothes.有時(shí)候,條件從句表示的動(dòng)作和主句表示的動(dòng)作,發(fā)生的時(shí)間是不一致的(如一個(gè)是過(guò)去發(fā)生的,一個(gè)是現(xiàn)在發(fā)生的).這時(shí),動(dòng)詞的形式要根據(jù)表示的時(shí)間來(lái)調(diào)整.這種句子可以稱為錯(cuò)綜時(shí)間條件句.Ifhehadreceivedsixmorevotes,hewouldbeourchairmannow.Ifwehadn’tgoteverythingreadybynow,weshouldbehavingaterribletimetomorrow.有時(shí)假設(shè)的情況并不以條件從句表示,而是通過(guò)一個(gè)介詞短語(yǔ)來(lái)表示.Withoutmusic,theworldwouldbeadullplace.Wecouldhavedonebetterundermorefavorableconditions.Thatwouldhavebeenconsideredmiraculousinthepast.Butforthestorm,weshouldhavearrivedearlier.如果條件句從句中包含有were,had,should或could,有時(shí)可把if省略掉,并把were,had,should或could放在主語(yǔ)前面.Hadwemadeadequatepreparation,wemighthavesucceeded.Shouldtherebeaflood,whatshouldwedo?Wereitnotfortheirassistance,wewouldbeinseriousdifficulty.Ⅳ介詞合成介詞和復(fù)雜介詞合成介詞:inside,into,onto,outof,outside,throughout,uponwithin,without復(fù)雜介詞:accordingto,alongwith,apartfrom,asfor,asto,becauseof,bymeansof,infrontof,inspiteof,insteadof,inaccordancewith,onaccountof,onbehalfof,owingto,dueto,togetherwith,upto,withregardto,priorto等介詞在句末:Thisiswhatheisinterestedin.Doeseveryonehasaseattositon?名詞加介詞(n+prep)某些名詞之后要求用某些介詞:solutionto,faithin,glanceat,needfor某些名詞之前要求用某些介詞:onone’sguard,atone’srequest,inallprobability,tomydelight動(dòng)詞加介詞Vi+prep:prevailon,appealto,fallinto,applyfor,touchuponVt+O+prep:layemphasison,takeadvantageof等Vi+adv+prep:Idon’twishtobreakinonyourthoughts.Thefamilycameupagainstfreshproblems.You’renottellingmethewholestory.You’reholdingoutonme.Shegotoffwithhimsoonaftershebegantoworkattheinstitution.Vt+O+adv+prep:Youshouldn’ttakeyourresentmentoutonme.Weshouldn’tputtheshortagedowntobadplanning.形容詞加介詞about---anxious,careful,careless,certain,considerate,enthusiastic,guilty,happy,mad,particular,sad,sure,timid,unhappy,etcat---awkward,bad,clever,disappointed,disgusted,good,marvellous,quick,skilful,skilled,useless,weak,etcfor---convenient,eligible,grateful,homesick,hungry,necessary,noted,perfect,responsible,etcfrom---evident,exempt,inseparable,safe,tired,etcin---deficient,expert,liberal,quick,rich,successful,weak,etcof---apprehensive,characteristic,critical,destructive,envious,hard,inconsiderate,impatient,dependent,jealous,positive,scared,sensible,short,sick,suspicious,typical,worthy,etcon---dependent,keen,intent,etcto---acceptable,accessible,agreeable,alive,attentive,blind,comparable,courteous,deaf,destructive,essential,favourable,hostile,indifferent,married,obedient,parallel,preferable,related,responsible,sensitive,suitable,unjust,etcwith---awkward,bored,careful,disappointed,generous,identical,ill,impatient,popular,sick,wrong,etcⅤ連詞并列連詞表示意義的引申:and,both…and,notonly…but(also),aswellas,and…aswell,neither…nor表示選擇:or,either…or表示轉(zhuǎn)折:but,while,whereas,yet,however/nevertheless(也可認(rèn)為是副詞)表示因果:for,so,therefore,hence從屬連詞表示時(shí)間:when,while,as,after,before,since,until(till),assoonas,once表示原因:because,as,since,nowthat,seeingthat表示條件:if,unless,incase,provided(that),suppose,aslongas,oncondition(that),表示其他關(guān)系:(al)though,than,as/so…as,lest,inorderthat,so…thatⅥ定語(yǔ)從句限制和非限制性定語(yǔ)從句:限制性定語(yǔ)從句是名詞詞組不可缺少的一個(gè)組成部分,去掉了會(huì)造成病句或意義不明確;非限制性定語(yǔ)從句屬于補(bǔ)充說(shuō)明性質(zhì),去掉了不會(huì)影響主要意義,通常用逗號(hào)與它的先行詞分開.Theboyswhowantedtoplayfootballweredisappointedwhenitrained.Theboys,whowantedtoplayfootball,weredisappointedwhenitrained.如果定語(yǔ)從句的先行詞是專有名詞,或是帶有形容詞性物主代詞(my,his,etc)或形容詞性指示代詞(this,that,etc)作限定詞,其后的定語(yǔ)從句通常都是非限制性的:MarySmith,whoisinthecorner,wantstomeetyou.Hermother,whohadlongsufferedformarthritis,diedlastnight.Allthesebooks,whichhavebeendonatedbyvisitingprofessors,aretobeusedbythepostgraduates.在非限制性定語(yǔ)從句中只能用who/whom指人,用which指物,通常不用that替代.Myfather,whohadbeenonavisittoAmerica,returnedyesterday.Allthebooks,whichhadpicturesinthem,weresenttothelittlegirl.定語(yǔ)從句的引導(dǎo)詞that,who,whom:非限制性定語(yǔ)從句,如果修飾人,一般用who,有時(shí)用that(作主語(yǔ)時(shí)用who較多).如果關(guān)系代詞在從句中作賓語(yǔ),就應(yīng)當(dāng)用賓格whom或that,但在大多數(shù)情況下都可以省略掉,在口語(yǔ)中可用who代替whom.Hereistheman(whom)you’vebeenlookingfor.Heisaman(that)youcansafelydependon.Thepeople(who/that)youweretalkingtowereSwedes.TherearesomepeopleherewhoIwantyoutomeet.但在介詞后只能用whom:ThisisthemantowhomIreferred.但在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到句子后面去,這時(shí)可用that,但省略時(shí)更多一些.Haveyoumetthepersonaboutwhomhewasspeaking?Haveyoumettheperson(that)hewasspeakingaboutThegirltowhomIspokeismycousin.Thegirl(who/that)Ispoketoismycousin.限制性定語(yǔ)從句如果修飾“物”,用關(guān)系代詞that的時(shí)候較多,也有時(shí)用which..當(dāng)這個(gè)代詞在從句中是用作賓語(yǔ)時(shí),在絕大多數(shù)情況下都是省略的,特別是口語(yǔ)中(尤其是當(dāng)被修飾的詞是all,everything等詞時(shí)):Haveyoueverythingyouneed?(Isthere)anythingIcandoforyou?Allyouhavetodoistopressthebutton.在介詞后只能用which,在口語(yǔ)中一般都把介詞放到從句后部去,這時(shí)可以用that,但省略的時(shí)候更多一些:Thetoolwithwhichheisworkingiscalledawrench.Thetool(that)heisworkingwithiscalledawrench.Thisisthequestionaboutwhichwe’vehadsomuchdiscussion.Thisisthequestion(that)we’vehadsomuchdiscussionabout.定語(yǔ)從句一般是修飾名詞或代詞的,但間或也可以修飾整個(gè)句子a),或是句子的一部分b),引導(dǎo)詞用which:Theyhaveinvitedmetovisittheircountry,whichisverykindofthem.Theactivitywaspostponed,whichwasexactlywhatwewantedWhendeeplyabsorbedinwork,whichheoftenwas,hewouldforgetallabouteatingandsleeping.Shewasverypatienttowardsthechildren,whichherhusbandseldomwas.whose:在表示“．．．的”這個(gè)概念時(shí),可用所有格whose;whose用于指物,有時(shí)可與ofwhich交替使用,通常的詞序是名詞詞組+ofwhich:Isthereanyoneinyourclasswhosefamilyisinthenortheast?Wehadameetingwhosepurposewascompletelyunclear.(…thepurposeofwhichwas…)He’swrittenabookthenameofwhichI’vecompletelyforgotten.(…whosenameI’ve…)ofwhich前的名詞詞組也可以由some,any,none,all,both,several,enough,many,most,few以及基數(shù)詞擔(dān)任;這些詞也能用在ofwhom之前.Thebuses,mostofwhichwerealreadyfull,weresurroundedbyanangrycrowd.It’safamilyofeightchildren,allofwhomarestudyingmusic.關(guān)系副詞when,where,why:它們的含義相當(dāng)于atwhich,inwhich,forwhich,因此它們之間有交替使用的可能.Thedaywhenhewasborn…onwhichhewasborn…whichhewasbornon…Theofficewhereheworks…atwhichheworks…whichheworksat…有時(shí)可用that替代關(guān)系副詞,在口語(yǔ)中that可省略.Everytime(that)thetelephonerings,hegetsnervous.ThiswasthefirsttimeIhadserioustroublewithmyboss.Doyouknowanywhere(that)Icangetadrink?Thisistheplace(where)wemetyesterday.Thatisthereason(why)hedidit.在theway后也可用that替代inwhich,在口語(yǔ)中that也可省略.Thisistheway(that/inwhich)hedidit.That’sthewayIlookatit.如果定語(yǔ)從句中謂語(yǔ)為thereis,作主語(yǔ)的關(guān)系代詞也?？墒〉?ImustmakefulluseofthetimethereislefttomeanddoasmuchasIcanforthepeople.Thisisthefastesttrain(that)thereistoNanjing.定語(yǔ)從句的簡(jiǎn)化:定語(yǔ)從句與不定式結(jié)構(gòu),-ing分詞結(jié)構(gòu),-ed分詞結(jié)構(gòu)以及無(wú)動(dòng)詞分句等有著轉(zhuǎn)換關(guān)系.Hewastheonlyonetorealizethedanger(=whorealizedthedanger).Thewomandrivingthecar(=whowasdrivingthecar)indicatedthatshewasgoingtoturnleft.Themaninjuredbythebullet(=whowasinjuredbythebullet)wastakentohospital.Allthewomenpresent(=whowerepresent)lookedupinalarm.Ⅶ倒裝全部倒裝和部分倒裝:如果謂語(yǔ)在主語(yǔ)前面,就是倒裝語(yǔ)序.倒裝語(yǔ)序又分為全部倒裝和部分倒裝.在全部倒裝的句子中,整個(gè)謂語(yǔ)都放在主語(yǔ)的前面:Herearesomeregisteredlettersforyou.Incameamanwithawhitebeard.在部分倒裝的句子中只是謂語(yǔ)中的一部分(如助動(dòng)詞,情態(tài)動(dòng)詞,或系動(dòng)詞be等)放在主語(yǔ)前面,其余部分仍在主語(yǔ)后面:Undernocircumstancesmustasoldierleavehispost.Icouldn’tanswerthequestion