工程造價與管理論文英文文獻中英對照

EngineeringcostmanagementProjectcostcontrolemphasisshouldbetransferredtotheprojectconstructionearlydays,istransferredtotheprojectdecisionanddesignstage.Projectcostcontrolinconstructionprojectsthroughouttheentireprocess,thekeyliesinthepreconstructioninvestmentdecision-makingwithdesignphase,whereasintheinvestmentdecisionismade,thekeyliesindesigning.Accordingtoexpertanalysis:architecturaldesign,inthepreliminarydesignstage,designstage,constructiondesignstagetotheengineeringeffectwere75%~95%,35%~75%,5%~35%;whileintheconstructionphase,throughtheoptimizationofconstructionorganizationdesign,constructioncostsavingthepossibilityofonly5%to10%.Weshouldputthefocusshiftedtothedesignstage,inordertogettwicetheresultwithhalftheeffort.Payattentiontothetechnicalandeconomicoptimizationcombination.Thecombinationoftechnologywitheconomyismosteffectivewaytocontrolengineeringcost.Chinaengineeringfieldsforalongtimedidnotdothis.Thelackoftechnicalpersonneleconomyidea,designthoughtisconservative,thedesignoftheoutcomeoftheeconomyarenotfullyreflect.Therefore,weshouldsolvetheproblemistoimproveeconomicefficiencyasthegoal,intheconstructionprocess,organization,technologyandeconomyorganicgroundunionrises.Throughtheeconomicanalysis,comparativestudyandeffectevaluation,correctprocessingofadvancedtechnologyandreasonableineconomybetweentherelationofunityofopposites,strivetoadvancedtechnologyundertheconditionsofeconomicrational,reasonableineconomybasedonadvancedtechnology.Carryout"limitationisdesigned"method.Tobeconsciouslyputtheapplicationofvalueengineeringtothespecificdesign,activelypromotequotadesigninengineeringdesigncontract,bywayofbidding.Thishasbeenproveninpracticeisaneffectiveway,itisnotonlyaneconomicproblem,morepreciselyatechnicalandeconomicproblems.This"limitationisdesigned"toeffectivelycontroltheprojectcost.Inordertomakethe"limitationisdesigned"toachievethedesiredobjectives,shouldbeinvolvedinthedesignpersonnelmustbeexperiencedskilledeconomicdesigner.Theirdesignresultsmustbepractical,advancedandreasonablecost.Controlofengineeringcostontheotherhandistheneedforcomparison,becausetheoutcomeisaprocessofgradualimprovement,andnottodecide,sothecomparisonisameasureofitspractical,advancedandeconomicalmeans.Dogoodprojectcostcontrolintheprocess.(1)compilationofeconomicandfeasibleconstructionscheme.Beforeconstruction,constructionenterprisesshouldbecombinedwiththeconstructiondrawingsandtheactualsituationatthescene,theirmechanicalequipment,constructionexperience,themanagementlevelandtechnicalspecificationacceptancecriteria,asetofpracticalandfeasibleconstructionscheme.Theconstructionschemeisengineeringimplementationoftheprogrammeofaction.(2)totechnicalpersonnel,materials,machineryandpersonnelstaffcommunicationandcoordination.Intheprocessofconstruction,constructiontechnology,materialsandmechanicalpersonnelshouldcooperateclosely,understandeachother,tomanagementasthecore,toreducecostsforthepurposeof.(3)totheprojectcompletionsettlement.Strictsupervisionsystem.Controlprojectcosteffectively,intheearlyphaseoftheprojectshallbesubjecttosupervision(includingcostmanagement)system.Throughanalyzingthedesignprocessofsupervision,makethedesignmorereasonable,costcontroltolimitthescopeof,accomplishtrulywiththesmallestinvestmentmaximizeoutput.Strictsupervisionsystem.Controlprojectcosteffectively,intheearlyphaseoftheprojectshallbesubjecttosupervision(includingcostmanagement)system.Throughanalyzingthedesignprocessofsupervision,makethedesignmorereasonable,costcontroltolimitthescopeof,accomplishtrulywiththesmallestinvestmentmaximizeoutput.Toestablishandperfecttheindependentprojectcostadvisorybody,cultivateaZhiDehavebothengineeringteam.Toestablisharealsenseofindependentengineeringcostconsultingagencies.Throughimprovingthelawsandregulations,normativebehavior,separategovernmentfunctionsfromenterprisemanagement,theestablishmentofindependentbusinesspartnership,share-holdingsystem,thelimitedresponsibilitysystemandotherformsoforganization,anindustry-based,diversifiedservicesintegratedprojectconsultingcompany,buildanddevelopmentandreformtheengineeringcostintermediaryserviceinstitutions,makeconstructionprojectmanagementofagradualtransitionbyanindependentspecializedagencyinchargeofprojectcostwholeprocesstrackingmanagement,trulybetweenownerandcontractorplaysanintermediaryrole.Tostrengthenengineeringcostconsultingindustryassociationconstruction,establishprojectcostconsultingindustryself-disciplinemechanism,andconstantlyimprovetheEngineeringCostAssociationinengineeringcostconsultingindustrystatus,tobetrulyrepresentativeoftheinterestsofthemajorityoftheindustrypractitioners,governmentandenterprisestobecomeconnectionlinkandthebridge.Atthesametimetostrengthentheprojectcostspecialtyinhighereducationandinserviceeducation.Asaresultofprojectcostmanagementinconstructionprojectsandvariouseconomicinterestsarecloselyrelated,andthewholesocialeconomicactivitiesplayaveryimportantrole,itrequiresthecostengineeringtechnicalpersonnelshouldhavedifferentlevelsofknowledge,inadditiontotheirprofessionalknowledgeandhaveadeepunderstanding,alsodealwiththedesigncontent,designprocess,constructiontechnology,projectmanagement,economiclawsandregulationshaveacomprehensiveunderstandingof.Therefore,theprojectcostmanagement,projectcostperunitofsocietygroups,hasalreadyobtainedacostengineerqualificationpersonnel,inordertocarryoutplan,hasthegoal,multiplelevelsofcontinuingeducationandtraining,tounderstandandmasterChinesebilateralagreementswithcountriesprojectcosttechnology,regulations,managementsystemanditsdevelopmenttrend,toexpanddomesticandforeignexchanges,andactivelyparticipateininternationalorregionalengineeringactivities,improvetheirprofessionalquality,sothatthecurrentpractitionersinintelligentstructure,theoryandworkingexperiencethreeaspectscanmeettheneedsofengineeringcostmanagement.Costengineeringprofessionalsneedtostrengthentheirownlearning,inadditiontotheprofessionalknowledgetoupgrade,shouldalsoworkincombinationwithabroadunderstandingandmastertherelevantengineeringandtechnicalexpertise,educationalorganizationsandindustryregulatorybodiesconstituteacompleteeducationsystem,soastothefieldofengineeringseniortalentdevelopmenttocreategoodconditions.工程造價與管理工程造價限制重點應(yīng)轉(zhuǎn)移到項目建設(shè)的前期，即轉(zhuǎn)移到項目決策和設(shè)計階段。工程造價限制貫穿于項目建設(shè)全過程，關(guān)鍵在于施工前的投資決策和設(shè)計階段，而在做出投資決策后，關(guān)鍵在于設(shè)計。據(jù)有關(guān)專家分析：建筑設(shè)計方案，在初步設(shè)計階段、技術(shù)設(shè)計階段、施工圖設(shè)計階段對工程的影響分別達75％～95％、35％～75％、5％～35％；而在施工階段，通過優(yōu)化組織施工設(shè)計，節(jié)約工程造價的可能性只有5％～10％。所以應(yīng)當把重點轉(zhuǎn)移到設(shè)計階段，以取得事半功倍的效果。注意技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟的優(yōu)化結(jié)合。技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟相結(jié)合是限制工程造價最有效的手段。中國工程設(shè)計領(lǐng)域長期以來沒有做到這點。技術(shù)人員缺乏經(jīng)濟觀念，設(shè)計思想保守，使設(shè)計成果的經(jīng)濟性得不到充分體現(xiàn)。因此，我們現(xiàn)在應(yīng)當解決的問題是以提高經(jīng)濟效益為目的，在工程建設(shè)過程中將組織、技術(shù)與經(jīng)濟有機地結(jié)合起來。通過經(jīng)濟分析、技術(shù)比較及效果評價，正確處理技術(shù)先進與經(jīng)濟合理兩者之間的對立統(tǒng)一的關(guān)系，力求在技術(shù)先進條件下的經(jīng)濟合理，在經(jīng)濟合理基礎(chǔ)上的技術(shù)先進。推行“限額設(shè)計”方法。要自覺地把價值工程運用到詳細的設(shè)計中去，主動推行限額設(shè)計，在工程設(shè)計發(fā)包中采納招投標方式。這是被實踐證明的有效途徑，它不單純是一個經(jīng)濟問題，更精確地說是一個技術(shù)經(jīng)濟問題。這種“限額設(shè)計”能有效地限制整個項目的工程造價。為使“限額設(shè)計”達到預(yù)期目的，應(yīng)當做到參加設(shè)計人員必需是有閱歷懂技術(shù)經(jīng)濟的設(shè)計師。他們設(shè)計的成果必需好用、先進而且造價合理。限制工程造價的另一方面是必需進行多方案比較，因為設(shè)計成果是一個逐步完善的過程，并不是一起先就能確定下來，所以多方案比較是衡量其好用性、先進性和經(jīng)濟性的重要手段。做好工程實施過程中的造價限制。（1）編制經(jīng)濟可行的施工方案。施工前，施工企業(yè)要結(jié)合施工圖紙及現(xiàn)場實際狀況、自身的機械設(shè)備、施工閱歷、管理水平和技術(shù)規(guī)范驗收標準，編制一套切實經(jīng)濟可行的施工方案。該施工方案是工程實施的行動綱領(lǐng)。（2）做好技術(shù)人員、材料人員、機械人員的溝通與協(xié)作。施工過程中，施工技術(shù)人員，材料人員和