資料Unit安全管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)體系safetymanagementsystemW

Unit1safetymanagementsystemAccidentcausationmodels 事故致因理論Safetymanagement 安全管理Physicalconditions 物質(zhì)條件Machineguarding 機(jī)械保護(hù)裝置House-keeping 工作場(chǎng)所管理Topmanagement 高層管理人員Humanerrors 人因失誤Accident-pronenessmodels事故傾向模型Munitionsfactory 軍工廠Causalfactors 起因Riskingtaking 冒險(xiǎn)行為Corporateculture 企業(yè)文化Lossprevention 損失預(yù)防Processindustry 制造工業(yè)Hazardcontrol 危險(xiǎn)控制Intensivestudy 廣泛研究Organizationalperformance 企業(yè)績效Mutualtrust 相互信任Safetyofficer 安全官員Safetycommittee 安全委員會(huì)Shop-floor 生產(chǎn)區(qū)Unionizedcompany 集團(tuán)企業(yè)Seniority 資歷、工齡Localculture 當(dāng)?shù)匚幕疉bsenteeismrate 缺勤率Powerrelations 權(quán)力關(guān)系Statusreview 狀態(tài)審查Lower-levelmanagement 低層管理者Businessperformance 組織績效Mostseniorexecutive 高級(jí)主管Supervisorylevel 監(jiān)督層Safetyprinciple 安全規(guī)則Wall-board 公告欄Implementplan 實(shí)施計(jì)劃Hazardidentification 危險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)Safetyperformance 安全性能OnecomprehensivedefinitionforanorganizationalculturehasbeenpresentedbyScheinwhohassaidtheorganizationalcultureis“apatternofbasicassumptions–invented,discovered,ordevelopedbyagivengroupasitlearnstocopewithitsproblemsofexternaladaptationandinternalintegration–thathasworkedwellenoughtobeconsideredvalidand,therefore,tobetaughttonewmembersasthecorrectwaytoperceive,think,andfeelinrelationtothoseproblems”譯文：Schein給出了組織文化廣泛定義，她認(rèn)為組織文化是由若干基礎(chǔ)假設(shè)組成一個(gè)模式，這些假設(shè)是由某個(gè)特定團(tuán)體在處理外部適應(yīng)問題和內(nèi)部整合問題過程中發(fā)明、發(fā)覺或完善。因?yàn)橐赃@種模式工作有效性得到了認(rèn)可，所以將它作為一個(gè)正確方法傳授給新組員，讓她們以此來認(rèn)識(shí)、思索和處理問題[指適應(yīng)外部和整合內(nèi)部過程中問題]。Thesafetycultureofanorganizationistheproductofindividualandgroupvalues,attitudes,perceptions,competencies,andpatternsofbehaviorthatdeterminethecommitmentto,andthestyleandproficiencyof,anorganization’shealthandsafetymanagement.譯文：組織安全文化由以下幾項(xiàng)內(nèi)容組成：個(gè)人和群體價(jià)值觀、態(tài)度、觀念、能力和行為方法。這種行為方法決定了個(gè)人或團(tuán)體對(duì)組織健康安全管理責(zé)任，和組織健康安全管理形式和熟練程度。Unit2SystemSafetyEngineeringSystemsafetyengineering 系統(tǒng)安全工程By-product 附帶產(chǎn)生結(jié)果Engineeringpractice 工程實(shí)踐Safetyproblem 安全問題Acceleratingtechnology 快速發(fā)展技術(shù)Safetyeffort 安全投入System’slifecycle 系統(tǒng)生命周期Systemeffectiveness 系統(tǒng)有效性Logicalreasoning 邏輯推理Potentialaccident 潛在事故Accidentcause 事故原因Logicalprogramming 合理計(jì)劃Systemhazard 系統(tǒng)危害Safetyinput 安全投入Inherentlysafesystem 本質(zhì)安全系統(tǒng)Scheduledelays 進(jìn)度拖延Conceptphase 初步計(jì)劃階段Safetycriteria 安全標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Governmentregulations 政府管制Systemoperation 系統(tǒng)運(yùn)行Systemanalysis 系統(tǒng)分析Systemdesign 系統(tǒng)設(shè)計(jì)Aidin 有利于Equipmentspecifications 設(shè)備說明Maintenanceplans 維護(hù)計(jì)劃Safetyproblems 安全問題Developmentphase 發(fā)展階段Operationphase 運(yùn)行階段Performancereviews 績效評(píng)定Disposalphase 處理階段Intuitiveprocess 直覺過程Makedecisions 做決定Hazardcontrol 危險(xiǎn)控制Protectiveapparel 防護(hù)服Engineeringsolutions 工程方法/手段Protectivedevices 保護(hù)裝置Warningdevices 報(bào)警裝置Incorrectinterpretation 誤解Hazardousmaterial 危險(xiǎn)物質(zhì)Workarealayout 工業(yè)區(qū)布局Educationalsolutions 教育方法/手段Trainingsessions 培訓(xùn)會(huì)議Safetypromotionprograms 安全促進(jìn)項(xiàng)目Administrativesolutions 行政方法/手段Personnelselection 人員選擇Safetyshoes 安全鞋Safetybelt 安全帶Safetyglasses 防護(hù)眼鏡Accidentprevention 事故預(yù)防Technicalsystem 技術(shù)系統(tǒng)Responsibleofficial 責(zé)任人Hazardanalysisisnotanintuitiveprocess.Forananalysistobemeaningful,itmustbelogical,accurate,descriptiveofthesystem,andbasedonvalidassumptions.Itssuccesslargelydependsontheskillandknowledgeofthoseconductingtheanalysis.Anyonewhohasathorough,workingknowledgeofboththesystemunderconsiderationandtheanalysistechniquetobeusedmayperformahazardanalysis.Inpractice,theeffortsofseveralpersonswithvaryingbackgroundsareusuallyrequiredtoassurethatmeaningfulandcomprehensivehazardinformationisobtained.譯文：危險(xiǎn)分析過程不是憑直覺就能完成。對(duì)于一個(gè)有意義分析，必需在有效假設(shè)基礎(chǔ)上對(duì)系統(tǒng)進(jìn)行合理、正確描述。它成功關(guān)鍵取決于進(jìn)行分析人所含有技能和知識(shí)。只要對(duì)被研究系統(tǒng)和用于分析技術(shù)有全方面了解，任何人全部能夠進(jìn)行危險(xiǎn)分析。在實(shí)踐過程中，要想取得全方面而有價(jià)值危險(xiǎn)信息，必需要部分含有不一樣知識(shí)背景人共同努力才行。Systemsafetyengineeringisarelativelynewapproachtoaccidentprevention.Itsconceptsandtechniqueshaveevolvedfromeffortstoimprovethesafetyofthecomplextechnicalsystemsthatarecommonintoday’ssociety.Itisbasedontheideasthataccidentsresultfromanumberofinteractingcauseswithinasystem,andthateachcauseandinteractioncanbelogicallyidentified,evaluated,andcontrolled.Throughthelogicalapplicationofscientificandmanagementprinciplesoverthelifecycleofasystem,systemsafetyengineeringattemptstoachieveanoptimumdegreeofsafety.譯文：安全系統(tǒng)工程是一個(gè)相對(duì)較新預(yù)防事故方法。它概念和相關(guān)技術(shù)是在大家提升當(dāng)今普遍存在復(fù)雜技術(shù)系統(tǒng)安全性多種努力過程中逐步發(fā)展而來。它基于這么一個(gè)思想，即全部事故全部是系統(tǒng)內(nèi)大量相互作用原因造成，理論上，多種原因及相互作用全部能被識(shí)別、評(píng)定，并得到控制。經(jīng)過在系統(tǒng)生命周期內(nèi)合理應(yīng)用科學(xué)管理標(biāo)準(zhǔn)，系統(tǒng)安全工程就有望取得最好安全程度。Theeffortsnecessarytoachievethedesireddegreeofsafetyareusuallyorganizedintoformalprograms.Theobjectiveofsuchprogramsistoassurethatsystemhazardsareeliminatedorotherwisecontrolledasearlyinthelifecycleaspossible.Mostofthedetailworkinvolvedinasystemsafetyprogramisintheperformanceofhazardanalyses.Withtheinformationprovidedbyanalysis,responsibleofficialscandeterminethesafest,mostefficientmeansofcontrollingthehazardsidentified.譯文：要想取得所期望安全程度，全部必需做工作全部應(yīng)編制成正式計(jì)劃。這些計(jì)劃目標(biāo)就是確保系統(tǒng)里危險(xiǎn)被消除，或使危險(xiǎn)在系統(tǒng)生命周期內(nèi)盡早得到控制。系統(tǒng)安全計(jì)劃中大量具體工作在危險(xiǎn)分析過程中得以實(shí)施。經(jīng)過分析提供信息，責(zé)任人就能選擇最安全、最有效方法來控制被識(shí)別出來危險(xiǎn)。Unit3TheergonomicsProcessergonomicsprocess 人機(jī)工程過程MSDs（areinjuriesandillnessesofthesafetissueandnervoussystemthataffectyourbody’s:Muscles,Nerves,Tendons(經(jīng)脈),Ligaments(韌帶),Joints）由肌肉組織或神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)引發(fā)傷害或疾病Upperechelons 上層、高層hourlyemployee 鐘點(diǎn)工Jobsites 工地Ergonomicscommittee 人機(jī)工程委員會(huì)Medicalmanagement 醫(yī)療管理Musculoskeletalstressors肌肉骨骼擔(dān)心性刺激Ergonomicsinput 人機(jī)工程投入Managementcommitment 管理承諾/行為Manufacturingengineers 制造業(yè)工程師Plantmanager 工廠經(jīng)理Processengineer 生產(chǎn)工程師Humanresourcemanager 人力資源經(jīng)理Safetymanager 安全經(jīng)理Sub-committee 分委員會(huì)Overseeingbody 監(jiān)督主體lowbackdisorder 腰部疾病Activeandpassivesurveillance主動(dòng)和被動(dòng)監(jiān)督Jobstressors 工作壓力源Follow-up 后續(xù)工作Ergonomicsawareness 人機(jī)工程意識(shí)Followsthrough 實(shí)現(xiàn)，把…進(jìn)行到底Chainofcommand 指揮鏈Hitlist 黑名單Aprocessisasystemwherebynecessarycomponentsfunctionandinteracttoproduceadesiredgoal.Similarly,anergonomicsprocessisaplaninwhichafacilitygathersallrelevantinformationonworkorganization,employeecapabilitiesandlimitations,andwork-relatedMSDs,todevelopsolutionstobetteraccommodatetheseemployeesandreduceMSDratesandtheirassociatedcosts.一個(gè)過程是一個(gè)系統(tǒng)要求必需組成部分功效和相互作用，從而產(chǎn)生一個(gè)預(yù)期目標(biāo)。一樣，人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)過程是提出愈加好地滿足職員并降低骨骼受傷率及其相關(guān)費(fèi)用處理方案，究其而言，其好處是搜集全部和工作組織相關(guān)信息、雇員能力和不足、和因工作帶來骨骼損傷。Oneimportantaspect,actuallytheprocess'skeypurpose,istocommunicateinformationamongallthoseinvolved,sothatadequateandfeasiblesolutionstoproblemshavingergonomicsissuescanbesolved.Employeeinvolvementintheergonomicsprocess,acrossseverallayersofanorganization,helpstoensureitssuccess.其中一個(gè)關(guān)鍵方面，實(shí)際上也是這個(gè)過程關(guān)鍵目標(biāo)，是全部相關(guān)各方之間信息溝通，以至于對(duì)人體工程學(xué)問題有合適、可行處理方案。在人機(jī)工程學(xué)過程中，企業(yè)各個(gè)層次職員參與有利于確保其成功。Whenindividualsinacompany,fromtheupperechelonsofmanagementtothehourlyemployee,contributetomakingchangesinworksystemsandjobsites,theybecomeempoweredandmoreresponsibleforthesechanges.Thiscooperationandemployeeinvolvementleadstofeasibleandsuccessfulchangesthatservetoimprovethecompany.Asuccessfulergonomicsprocessneedstobeimplementedandrefinedacrossvarioustypesoforganizations,sothatawidevarietyofwork-relatedissuescanbeincorporated.當(dāng)一個(gè)企業(yè)個(gè)人，從管理高層人員到按小時(shí)計(jì)雇員，有利于使工作制度和工作場(chǎng)所安全改變時(shí)，她們對(duì)這些變得更有能力和責(zé)任。這種合作和職員參與有利于提升企業(yè)改革切實(shí)可行。一個(gè)成功人體工程學(xué)設(shè)計(jì)過程中需要在各類組織實(shí)施和完善，使多種多樣工作相關(guān)問題能夠納入。TheelementfromwhichbasicergonomicsissuesariseistheWorkplace;thatis,theareainwhichthephysicalworkisbeingperformedandwhereemployeesbecomeinjuredduetomusculoskeletalstressors.ItistheresponsibilityoftheErgonomicsCommitteetoidentifythesestressorsandprovidesolutions.Theremainingthreecomponents(management,medicalmanagement,ergonomicsexpert)providesupportfortheinteractionbetweentheWorkplaceandtheErgonomicsCommittee.基礎(chǔ)人體工程學(xué)問題產(chǎn)生原因是工作場(chǎng)所，即是，在身體擔(dān)心工作部位，因肌肉骨骼壓力而受傷。工效委員會(huì)責(zé)任是確定這些壓力，并提供處理方案。其它三個(gè)組成部分為（管理，醫(yī)療管理，工效學(xué)教授）在工作場(chǎng)所和工效學(xué)委員會(huì)之間相互作用提供了支持。Thecompany'smanagementCommitteeisresponsibleforcommittingtotheprocessitself;thatis,emphasizingthevalueitplacesonitsemployees,andforinitiallyprovidingmonetaryandpersonnelresourcestosustaintheCommitteeandthechangesitmakeswithinthefacility.TheMedicalManagementcomponentdealswiththehealthoftheemployees,byprovidingsymptomrecognition,providingpromptandappropriatetreatment,andreturninginjuredemployeesbacktoworkasefficientlyaspossible.該企業(yè)管理委員會(huì)負(fù)責(zé)提交過程本身，就是強(qiáng)調(diào)其關(guān)鍵是雇員，并初步提供貨幣和人力資源，以維持委員會(huì)，并改善內(nèi)部設(shè)施。醫(yī)療管理包含職員健康，提供癥狀識(shí)別，提供立即和合適診療，并使受傷職員盡可能有效返回工作。Unit4HazardidentificationHazardidentification 危險(xiǎn)識(shí)別Outcome 后果Ongoingprocess 正在進(jìn)行過程Placeon 重視Exposurelimit 暴露極限Ventilationsystem 通風(fēng)系統(tǒng)Budgetaryconstraint 預(yù)算約束Jobsitesafetyinspection 工作場(chǎng)所安全檢驗(yàn)Accidentinvestigation 事故調(diào)查Labormanagementcommittee 勞動(dòng)管理委員會(huì)Accidentincidence 事故發(fā)生率Severityrate 嚴(yán)重事故率Industrialaccident 工業(yè)事故Workprocedure 工作/操作程序Walk-roundinspection 巡視Overexertion 用力過分Carpaltunnelsyndrome 腕管綜合癥Extremetemperature 極限溫度Worker-oriented 以人為本Mitigate 減輕/緩解Abatement 降低/消除Theexpectedbenefitsofhazardidentificationareadecreaseintheincidentsofinjuries,adecreaseinlostworkdaysandabsenteeism,adecreaseinworkers’compensationcosts,increasedproductivity,andbettercooperationandcommunication.危險(xiǎn)源辨識(shí)預(yù)期目標(biāo)包含：降低傷害事故發(fā)生、降低工時(shí)損失和曠工、降低工人賠償開支、提升生產(chǎn)力、促進(jìn)合作和交流.Theseitemsincludejobsitesafetyinspections,accidentinvestigations,safetyandhealthcommittees,andprojectsafetyinspectionprogramsthatinvolvesupervisorsand,ifyouhavethem,jointlabormanagementcommittees.危險(xiǎn)源辨識(shí)項(xiàng)目包含現(xiàn)場(chǎng)安全檢驗(yàn)，事故調(diào)查，安全和健康委員會(huì)，和項(xiàng)目標(biāo)安全檢驗(yàn)程序，假如條件許可，最好在安全檢驗(yàn)時(shí)，有監(jiān)理和勞動(dòng)管理委員會(huì)在場(chǎng)。Thisapproachtohazardidentificationdoesnotrequirethatsomeonewithspecialtrainingconductit.Itcanusuallybeaccomplishedbytheuseofashortfill-in-the-blankquestionnaire.Thishazardidentificationtechniqueworkswellwheremanagementisopenandgenuinelyconcernedaboutthesafetyandhealthofitsworkforce.Themosttime-consumingportionofthisprocessisanalyzingtheassessmentandresponseregardingpotentialhazardsidentified.Empoweringworkerstoidentifyhazards,makerecommendationsonabatementofthehazards,andthensuggesthowmanagementcanrespondtothesepotentialhazardsisessential.這種危險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)方法不需要經(jīng)過特需訓(xùn)練人來實(shí)施。通常經(jīng)過一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)短問卷調(diào)查就能完成。在部分管理比較開放、真心關(guān)心工人安全和健康地方，這種危險(xiǎn)辨識(shí)方法能起到很好作用。這個(gè)過程中最耗時(shí)部分就是對(duì)識(shí)別潛在危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行分析評(píng)定和反饋。給予工人識(shí)別危險(xiǎn)、對(duì)減小危險(xiǎn)提出提議并提出怎樣對(duì)這些潛在危險(xiǎn)進(jìn)行管理權(quán)利是必需。Unit5WhatisanOHSMSOHSMS 職業(yè)健康安全管理體系Legacy 遺產(chǎn)，留給后人東西Inpractice 在實(shí)踐中Allowfor 考慮到Regulatorysystem 監(jiān)管體系Reviewphase 審查階段Specificobjective 特殊目標(biāo)Correctiveaction 糾正方法Becentralto 極為關(guān)鍵Systematicapproach 系統(tǒng)方法Systemiclinkage 體系聯(lián)動(dòng)Inter-linked 相互鏈接Feedbackloop 反饋環(huán)Specificprogramelement 具體計(jì)劃Mandatory 強(qiáng)制Arisefrom 由。。。引發(fā)Strategicobjective 戰(zhàn)略目標(biāo)Commercialpressure 商業(yè)壓力Principalcontractor 總承包商Hybridmethod 混合方法Market-based 基于市場(chǎng)Formalisedprescription正式法規(guī)/要求Mandatedprinciple 明文要求標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Stemfrom 起源于，來自于Regulatoryframework 規(guī)章制度EuropeanUnionFrameworkDirective 歐盟框架指令A(yù)ll-encompassingapproach 包羅萬象方法Sparingly 少許Homegrown 國產(chǎn)/自己制訂ChamberofCommerceandIndustry 工商會(huì)/工商聯(lián)Framing 編制/制訂Emergencyplanning 應(yīng)急計(jì)劃Planningandaccountability 計(jì)劃和職責(zé)Managerialistandparticipativemodels 經(jīng)理主導(dǎo)模式和參與模式bureaucraticmodel 官僚模式Topdown 由上而下Traceto 追溯到Empiricaltest 經(jīng)驗(yàn)試驗(yàn)Mutuallyexclusive 相互排斥Qualitylevels 質(zhì)量標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Expandupon 詳述/深入敘述Levelofachievement 成就水平Performancelevel 實(shí)施標(biāo)準(zhǔn)Graduatingup 逐步改變 Atthebehestof 在。。。命令/要求下Setout 敘述、陳列Conversely,analternativeparticipativemodelof“managementsystems”canbetracedtosocio-technicalsystemstheory,whichemphasisesorganisationalinterventionsbasedonanalysisoftheinter-relationshipsoftechnology,environment,theorientationofparticipants,andorganisationalstructure.相反，一個(gè)可選擇來使用“管理系統(tǒng)”模型能夠追溯到社會(huì)-技術(shù)系統(tǒng)理論，該理論強(qiáng)調(diào)組織干預(yù)，這種組織干預(yù)是建立在對(duì)技術(shù)、環(huán)境、參與者定位及組織結(jié)構(gòu)之間相互關(guān)系進(jìn)行分析基礎(chǔ)上。Sofar,wehaveshownthatOHSMScanvaryuponanumberofdimensionsrelatingtomethodofimplementation,systemcharacteristics,anddegreeofimplementation.SuchvarianceisimportantbecauseitaffectsevaluationandmeasurementofOHSMSperformance.Measuresappropriateforonedimensionofasystemwillbeirrelevanttoanother.EvaluationofOHSMSeffectivenessmayneedtotakeaccountofwhatsystemsareexpectedtodo.Aretheytomeetcomplexsystemorsimpledesignstandards?AretheyimplementedatthebehestofmanagementorexternalOHSauthorities?Areobjectivesthesimpleonessuchasreducingdirectlost-timeinjuriesordotheyincludesatisfyingmultiplestakeholders?Aretheyatanearlyorestablishedstageofdevelopment;andwhichofseveraldifferentconfigurationsofcontrolstrategyandmanagementstructure/styleisadopted?到現(xiàn)在為止，我們已經(jīng)表明OHSMS能展現(xiàn)多樣性特征，這些特征和實(shí)施方法、系統(tǒng)特征和實(shí)施程度相關(guān)。這種多樣性改變很關(guān)鍵，因?yàn)樗鼘?duì)OHSMS性能評(píng)價(jià)和測(cè)量有影響。對(duì)一個(gè)體系某種特征適合方法可能對(duì)另一個(gè)特征不適宜。OHSMS有效性評(píng)價(jià)需要考慮到底期望這個(gè)體系來干什么？它們滿足復(fù)雜體系呢還是只是一個(gè)簡(jiǎn)單設(shè)計(jì)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)？它們是不是在管理者或外界OHS權(quán)威人士要求下被實(shí)施？它們目標(biāo)是這種簡(jiǎn)單（比如降低直接時(shí)間損失傷害）還是使多數(shù)風(fēng)險(xiǎn)金管理機(jī)構(gòu)滿意？它們是在處于形成早期還是在建立時(shí)期？采取哪一個(gè)不一樣控制策略形態(tài)和管理結(jié)構(gòu)/形式？Unit6IndustrialHygieneIndustrialhygiene 工業(yè)衛(wèi)生Physicalhazards 物理危害、物質(zhì)危害Nonionizingradiation 非電離輻射Adverseeffects 副作用、壞影響Loudnoise 嘈雜聲音Chemicalbum 化學(xué)燒傷Liveelectricalcircuits 帶電電路Confinedspace 密閉空間Hearingloss 聽力喪失Physicalormentaldisturbance 身體或精神障礙Annoyance 煩惱Powertools 電動(dòng)工具Soundlevelmeter 噪聲計(jì)Time-weightedaverage 時(shí)間加權(quán)平均Snap 捻手指聲音Heatstress 熱威脅、熱應(yīng)力Shivering 顫動(dòng)Hardlabor 辛勞工作Livingtissue 活組織BiologicalHazards 生物危害Potablewater 飲用水Sewage 污水Physicalcontact 身體接觸Allergicreaction 過敏反應(yīng)Severepain 猛烈疼痛Manualhandling 手工處理HazardCommunicationsStandard 危害通識(shí)要求Stipulation 要求、條款Tradename 商標(biāo)名Centralnervoussystem 中樞神經(jīng)系統(tǒng)Industrialhygienehasbeendefinedas“thatscienceorartdevotedtotheanticipation,recognition,evaluation,andcontrolofthoseenvironmentalfactorsorstresses,arisinginorfromtheworkplace,whichmaycausesickness,impairedhealthandwell-being,orsignificantdiscomfortandinefficiencyamongworkersoramongthecitizensofthecommunity”.工業(yè)衛(wèi)生被定義為：“致力于估計(jì)、識(shí)別、評(píng)定和控制環(huán)境原因或壓力科學(xué)和技術(shù)，這些壓力產(chǎn)生或來自于工作場(chǎng)所，能夠造成疾病、損害大家幸福安康、或使工人或小區(qū)居民工作效率不高，并使她們感覺到很不舒適”。Noiseisaserioushazardwhenitresultsintemporaryorpermanenthearingloss,physicalormentaldisturbance,anyinterferencewithvoicecommunications,orthedisruptionofajob,rest,relaxation,orsleep.Noiseisanyundesiredsoundandisusuallyasoundthatbearsnoinformationwithvaryingintensity.Itinterfereswiththeperceptionofwantedsound,andislikelytobeharmful,causeannoyance,and/orinterferewithspeech.當(dāng)噪音造成臨時(shí)或永久聽力喪失，使身體或精神發(fā)生紊亂，對(duì)語言交流產(chǎn)生干擾，或?qū)ぷ鳌⑿菹?、放松、睡覺產(chǎn)生干擾時(shí)，它是一個(gè)很嚴(yán)重危害。噪音是任何不被期望聲音，它通常是一個(gè)強(qiáng)度改變但不包含任何信息聲音。它干擾大家對(duì)正常聲音分辨，可能是有害，能使人煩惱，并（或）干擾大家說話。The

degree

of

risk

of

handling

a

given

substance

depends

on

the

magnitudeand

duration

of

exposure.

To

recognize

occupational

factors

or

stresses,

a

health

and

safety

professional

must

first

know

about

the

chemicals

used

asraw

materials

and

the

nature

of

the

products

and

byproducts

manufactured.

處理某一物質(zhì)危險(xiǎn)程度由接觸量和時(shí)間決定。要認(rèn)識(shí)到職業(yè)要素或關(guān)鍵性，職業(yè)健康安全教授必需首先知道所使用原料化學(xué)性質(zhì),產(chǎn)品和副產(chǎn)品性質(zhì)。Unit9AccidentInvestigationAccidentInvestigation 事故調(diào)查After-the-fact 事實(shí)背后Takeaninvestigation 進(jìn)行調(diào)查Fact-findingprocess 尋求事實(shí)過程Insurancecarrier 保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)/承保人Placeblame 推卸責(zé)任Permanenttotaldisability 永久全部勞動(dòng)力喪失Forsimplicity 為簡(jiǎn)單起見Accidentprevention 事故預(yù)防Investigativeprocedures 調(diào)查過程Factfinding 尋求事實(shí)Operatingproceduresflowdiagrams 操作過程步驟圖Maintenancechart 維修圖表Boundnotebook 活頁筆記本Physicalorchemicallaw 物理或化學(xué)定律Tableofcontents 目錄Narrative 敘事Counter-measure 干預(yù)方法Investigatorcollectsevidencefrommanysourcesduringaninvestigation,getsinformationfromwitnessesandobservationaswellasbyreports,interviewswitnessesassoonaspossibleafteranaccident,inspectstheaccidentsitebeforeanychangesoccur,takesphotographsandmakessketchesofaccidentscene,recordsallpertinentdataonmaps,andgetscopiesofallreports.Documentscontainingnormaloperatingproceduresflowdiagrams,maintenancechartsorreportsofdifficultiesorabnormalitiesareparticularlyuseful.Keepcompleteandaccuratenotesinaboundnotebook.Recordpre-accidentconditions,theaccidentsequenceandpost-accidentconditions.Inaddition,documentthelocationofvictims,witnesses,machinery,energysources,andhazardousmaterials.調(diào)查人員在調(diào)查過程中從各方面搜集證據(jù)，從證人、旁觀者及部分相關(guān)報(bào)道中得到信息，在事故發(fā)生后立即找目擊證人談話，在事故現(xiàn)場(chǎng)遭到改變前進(jìn)行檢驗(yàn)，對(duì)事故場(chǎng)景進(jìn)行拍照并繪制草圖，統(tǒng)計(jì)和地形相關(guān)全部數(shù)據(jù)，并將全部報(bào)道復(fù)印保留。統(tǒng)計(jì)常規(guī)操作步驟圖、維修圖表或?qū)щy、異?，F(xiàn)象匯報(bào)等很有用。在活頁筆記本中完整正確統(tǒng)計(jì)。統(tǒng)計(jì)事故發(fā)生前環(huán)境、事故次序及事故發(fā)生后環(huán)境情況等。另外，統(tǒng)計(jì)傷者、證人、機(jī)械、能量起源和危害物質(zhì)位置。Anaccidentinvestigationisafact-findingprocessandnotafault-findingprocesswiththepurposeofaffixingblame.Theendofanyresultofanaccidentinvestigationshouldbetoassurethatthetypeofhazardoraccidentdoesnotexistoroccurinthefuture.事故調(diào)查是一個(gè)尋求事實(shí)過程，而不是一個(gè)為了追究責(zé)任去尋求過失過程。事故調(diào)查任何結(jié)果目標(biāo)全部應(yīng)該是為了確保這一類危害或事故未來不再存在或發(fā)生。Inspiteoftheircomplexity,mostaccidentsarepreventablebyeliminatingoneormorecauses.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminenotonlywhathappened,butalsohowandwhy.盡管事故很復(fù)雜，不過大部分事故還是能夠利用消除一個(gè)或多個(gè)致災(zāi)原因來預(yù)防。事故調(diào)查確定不僅僅是發(fā)生了什么，還包含怎么發(fā)生，為何發(fā)生。Thefailureofpeople,equipment,supplies,orsurroundingstobehaveorreactasexpectedcausesmostoftheaccidents.Accidentinvestigationsdeterminehowandwhythesefailuresoccur.Byusingtheinformationgainedthroughandinvestigation,asimilarorperhapsmoredisastrousaccidentmaybeprevented.大部分事故是由人、設(shè)備、物料、環(huán)境等和大家期望發(fā)生反作用或沖突而產(chǎn)生故障所造成。事故調(diào)查能夠確定這些故障怎樣發(fā)生和為何發(fā)生。經(jīng)過使用調(diào)查所得到信息，能夠預(yù)防類似事故或可能愈加嚴(yán)重事故。Eventhoughamajorityofindustrialaccidentsorincidentshavehistoricallybeenattributedtotheunsafeactsortheunsafeconductofworkers,theimportanceofunsafephysicalconditionsandequipmentcanshouldnotbeminimizedinanydiscussionconcerningaccidentriskpotential.即使大多數(shù)工業(yè)事故或事件在歷史上被歸因于工人不安全行為或不安全地實(shí)施，不過不應(yīng)該在全部關(guān)事故潛在風(fēng)險(xiǎn)討論中將物不安全狀態(tài)最小化。Yourcompanyshouldhaveaformalizedaccidentinvestigationprocedure,whichisfollowedbyeveryone.Itshouldbespelledoutinwritingandendwithawrittenreportusingasafoundationofyourstandardcompanyaccidentinvestigationform.Itmaybeyourworker’scompensationformoranequivalentfromyourinsurancecarrier.企業(yè)應(yīng)該含有正式事故調(diào)查程序，每個(gè)人全部應(yīng)該遵守。應(yīng)該以書面形式使之明確而且最終形成一個(gè)書面匯報(bào)，把這作為企業(yè)標(biāo)準(zhǔn)事故調(diào)查形式基礎(chǔ)。比如可能是工人賠償形式或保險(xiǎn)企業(yè)賠償。MandatorysystemshaveevolvedinanumberofEuropeancountrieswherelegislationrequiresadoptionofariskassessmentsystem.強(qiáng)制性系統(tǒng)已經(jīng)在很多歐洲國家得到發(fā)展，這些國家法律要求必需使用風(fēng)險(xiǎn)評(píng)價(jià)系統(tǒng)。Unit10SafetyElectricitySafetyelectricity 安全用電Electricalequipment 電力設(shè)備Fusepuller 保險(xiǎn)絲夾Breakcontact 斷開接點(diǎn)/觸電Hotside 高壓端Loadside 負(fù)荷端Lineside 線路/火線端Groundfaultcircuitinterrupt 漏電保護(hù)器Groundfault 接地故障Receptacle 電源插座Hotbubs 熱水澡桶Underwaterlighting 水底照明Fountains 人工噴泉Ungrounded(hot)conductor 未接地(高壓)導(dǎo)體/火線Neutralconductor 中性導(dǎo)體Faultcurrent 故障電流Loadcenter 載荷中心Panelboard 配電板Branch-circuit 分支電路CB 一個(gè)多功效插座Plug-in 插入式Electricalshock 電擊/電擊事故Takechance 冒險(xiǎn)Labored 困難Ventricularfibrillation 心室顫動(dòng)Twitching 顫搐Ventricle 心室Artificialrespiration 人工呼吸Cardio-pulmonaryresuscitation 心肺復(fù)蘇術(shù)Cardiacarrest 心跳停止Heartstoppage 心臟驟停Lockout 上鎖Tagout 掛牌Bypassing 回避/繞過Jammed 卡住/堵塞Ballvalves 球形閥ANSI 美國國家標(biāo)準(zhǔn)協(xié)會(huì)Colorcoded 色標(biāo)/彩色編碼Keyed 鍵控制Rust-resistant 防銹Shackle 鐐銬/鉤鏈Kit 成套設(shè)備/裝備Lockout/tagoutkitsarealsoavailable.Alockout/tagoutkitcontainsitemsrequiredtocomplywiththeOSHAlockout/tagoutstandards.Lockout/tagoutkitscontainreusabledangertags,tagties,multiplelockouts,locks,magneticsigns,andinformationonlockout/tagoutprocedures.Besurethesourceofelectricityremainsopenordisconnectedwhenreturningtoworkwheneverleavingajobforanyreasonorwheneverthejobcannotbecompletedthesameday.上鎖/掛牌成套設(shè)備也是可用。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有必需滿足OSHA上鎖/掛牌標(biāo)準(zhǔn)組件。上鎖/掛牌套件中包含有可反復(fù)使用危險(xiǎn)標(biāo)簽、臨時(shí)懸掛標(biāo)志、多種閉鎖、鎖、磁性標(biāo)志、及和上鎖/掛牌相關(guān)信息。不管什么原因停下工作或當(dāng)日不能完成工作時(shí)，在返回工作時(shí)候全部要確保電源保持?jǐn)嚅_或非連接狀態(tài)。Unit11MachineryequipmentsafetyMachineryEquipmentSafety 機(jī)械設(shè)備安全Presses 沖床Liftingplant 起吊設(shè)備Scald 燙傷Fragmentation 破碎/爆炸Temporarystaff 臨時(shí)人員Dumpertruck 翻斗車Powerpresses 壓力機(jī)Lifttruck 升降式裝卸車Elevatingworkplatform 升降臺(tái)CEmarked CE認(rèn)證標(biāo)志Subcontractor 中間商/轉(zhuǎn)包商Interlockedguard 聯(lián)鎖保護(hù)裝置Jig 模具Pushstick 推桿Competentperson 能勝任安全工作人Workingorder 正常運(yùn)