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牛津八下英語語法總復習一、現(xiàn)在完成時的“完成用法”和“未完成用法”1.現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"現(xiàn)在完成時的"完成用法"指的是動作發(fā)生在過去某一時刻并已結(jié)束,但該動作對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了影響,與現(xiàn)在情況具有因果關系。例如:Hehasturnedoffthelight.他已把燈關了。(動作結(jié)束于過去,但說明的是現(xiàn)在的情況--燈現(xiàn)在不亮了。)現(xiàn)在完成時"完成用法"的特點是動作不延續(xù),因此,該時態(tài)只能與表示不定的過去時間狀語(如:already,yet,before,recently等)、頻度時間狀語(如:never,ever,once等)、包括現(xiàn)在時刻在內(nèi)的時間狀語(如:thismorning/month/year...,today等)連用。例如:Haveyoufoundyourpenyet?你已找到你的鋼筆了嗎?2.現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"現(xiàn)在完成時的"未完成用法"指的是動作開始于過去某一時刻,一直延續(xù)到現(xiàn)在,或可能還要繼續(xù)下去。例如:Hehaslivedheresince1978.自從1978年以來,他一直住在這兒。(動作起始于1978年,一直住到現(xiàn)在,可能還要繼續(xù)住下去。)Ihavebeeninthearmyformorethan5years.我在部隊已經(jīng)呆了五年多了。(動作開始于5年前,一直延續(xù)至今,有可能還要繼續(xù)下去。)此種用法的句中常需一個表示一段時間的狀語(由since或for引導),或表示與現(xiàn)在時刻相連的時間狀語(如:uptonow,sofar到目前為止)等。例如:Ihaveheardnothingfromhimuptonow.到目前為止我沒有他的任何消息。注意:(1)現(xiàn)在完成時的未完成用法只適用于延續(xù)性動詞,不可用于終止性動詞,即瞬間完成或延續(xù)時間很短的動詞。如:come,go,arrive,leave,join,become,die等。(2)現(xiàn)在完成時常見兩種句型:①主語+have/hasbeen+for短語②Itis+一段時間+since從句例如:HehasbeenintheLeagueforthreeyears.或ItisthreeyearssincehejoinedtheLeague.他入團已三年了。3、延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞的概念英語中,動詞按其動作發(fā)生的方式、動作發(fā)生過程的長短,可分為延續(xù)性動詞和終止性動詞。延續(xù)性動詞表示能夠延續(xù)的動作,這種動作可以延續(xù)下去或產(chǎn)生持久影響。如:learn,work,stand,lie,know,walk,keep,have,wait,watch,sing,read,sleep,live,stay等。終止性動詞也稱非延續(xù)性動詞、瞬間動詞或短暫性動詞,表示不能延續(xù)的動作,這種動作發(fā)生后立即結(jié)束。如open,close,finish,begin,come,go,arrive,reach,getto,leave,move,borrow,buy等。4、延續(xù)性動詞的用法特征1.延續(xù)性動詞可以用于現(xiàn)在完成時,其完成時態(tài)可與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。表示"段時間"的短語有:fortwoyears,duringthepastthreeyears,sincelastyear,howlong等。如:IhavelearnedEnglishsinceIcamehere.自從我來到這兒就學英語了。2.延續(xù)性動詞不能與表示短暫時間的"點時間"狀語連用。如:Itraindateightyesterdaymorning.(誤)rain為延續(xù)性動詞,而ateight表示"點時間",前后顯然矛盾。如果用延續(xù)性動詞表示一瞬間的動作,可以借助come,begin,get等終止性動詞來表示。上句可改為:Itbegantorainateightyesterdaymorning.(正)又如:-WhendidyougettoknowJack?-Twoyearsago.-Thenyou'veknowneachotherformorethantwoyears.-That'sright.5、終止性動詞的用法特征1.終止性動詞可用來表示某一動作完成,因此可用于現(xiàn)在完成時。如:Thetrainhasarrived.火車到了。Haveyoujoinedthecomputergroup?你加入電腦小組了嗎?2.終止性動詞表示的動作極其短暫,不能持續(xù)。因此,不可與表示一段時間的狀語連用(只限肯定式)。如:(1)他死了三年了。誤:Hehasdiedforthreeyears.正:Hehasbeendeadforthreeyears.正:Hediedthreeyearsago.正:Itisthreeyearssincehedied.正:Threeyearshaspassedsincehedied.(2)他來這兒五天了。誤:Hehascomehereforfivedays.正:Hehasbeenhereforfivedays.正:Hecameherefivedaysago.正:Itisfivedayssincehecamehere.正:Fivedayshaspassedsincehecamehere.(1)、(2)句中的die、come為終止性動詞,不能與表示"段時間"的狀語連用。那么,應如何正確表達呢?可以采用下面的四種方法:(1)將句中終止性動詞轉(zhuǎn)換為相應的延續(xù)性動詞,如上面兩例中的第一種正確表達方式。下面列舉幾例:leave→beaway,borrow→keep,buy→have,begin/start→beon,die→bedead,moveto→livein,finish→beover,join→bein/beamemberof,opensth.→keepsth.open,fallill→beill,getup→beup,catchacold→haveacold。(2)將句中表示"段時間"的狀語改為表示過去確定時間的狀語,如下面兩例中的第二種正確表達方式。(3)用句型"Itis+段時間+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第三種正確表達方式。(4)用句型"時間+haspassed+since..."表達原意,如上面兩例中的第四種正確表達方式。3.終止性動詞可用于現(xiàn)在完成時否定式中,成為可以延續(xù)的狀態(tài),因而可與表示一段時間的狀語連用。如:Hehasn'tleftheresince1986.Ihaven'theardfrommyfatherfortwoweeks.4.終止性動詞的否定式與until/till連用,構(gòu)成"not+終止性動詞+until/till..."的句型,意為"直到……才……"。如:Youcan'tleavehereuntilIarrive.直到我到了,你才能離開這里。IwillnotgotobeduntilIfinishdrawingthepicturetonight.今天晚上直到我畫完畫,我才上床睡覺。5.終止性動詞可以用于when引導的時間狀語從句中,但不可以用于while引導的時間狀語從句中。when表示的時間是"點時間"(從句謂語動詞用終止性動詞),也可以是"段時間"(從句謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞)。而while表示的是一個較長的時間或過程,從句謂語動詞用延續(xù)性動詞。如:WhenwereachedLondon,itwastwelveo'clock.(reach為終止性動詞)Pleaselookaftermydaughterwhile/whenweareaway.(beaway為延續(xù)性動詞短語)6.終止性動詞完成時不可與howlong連用(只限于肯定式)。如:誤:Howlonghaveyoucomehere?正:Howlonghaveyoubeenhere?正:Whendidyoucomehere?二、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時的區(qū)別1.一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作。說話的側(cè)重點只在于陳述一件過去的事情,不強調(diào)對"現(xiàn)在"產(chǎn)生的影響。如:HevisitedGuilinin1998.他1998年參觀過桂林。(只說明去桂林的時間)2.現(xiàn)在完成時表示動作發(fā)生在過去,對現(xiàn)在造成了影響或產(chǎn)生了結(jié)果。不與確定的過去時間狀語連用。如:Jillhasboughtanewcomputer.吉爾買了一臺新電腦。(著重點是現(xiàn)在有了一臺新電腦)3.兩種時態(tài)的區(qū)分(1)一般過去時的謂語動詞用過去式,而現(xiàn)在完成時的謂語基本構(gòu)成是"助動詞have/has+過去分詞"。如:Thefilmstartedat7o’clock.Hehasbeenateacherformanyyears.(2)一般過去時通常與表示過去的時間狀語連用。如:yesterday,lastweek,twoyearsago,justnow,in2002等;而現(xiàn)在完成時則常與just,already,ever,never等副詞和thesedays,thisweek,since...,for...等表示一段時間的狀語連用??纯匆韵碌膸捉M句子,有什么區(qū)別?①Haveyouseenthefilm?(A)Didyouseethefilm?(B)[說明]你看過這部電影嗎?(A)句強調(diào)的是被問者對劇情是否了解;(B)句強調(diào)的是看這部電影的動作是否發(fā)生過,并不強調(diào)是否知道其內(nèi)容。②Howhashedoneit?(A)Howdidhedoit?(B)[說明]他是怎么做的這件事?(A)句強調(diào)的是他做這件事的方式對現(xiàn)在產(chǎn)生了某種影響;(B)句單純的詢問做這件事的方式。③HehaslivedinBeijingfor8years.(A)HelivedinBeijingfor8years.(B)[說明]他在北京住了8年。(A)句講的是到目前為止他在北京住了8年,可能還會繼續(xù)在北京住下去。(B)句講的是他在北京住過8年,現(xiàn)在不在北京了。三、現(xiàn)在完成時考點例析現(xiàn)在完成時是較難掌握、中考考查較多的時態(tài)。涉及的考點有:一、考查其構(gòu)成"助動詞have(has)+動詞過去分詞"構(gòu)成現(xiàn)在完成時。如:1.Kate'sneverseenChinesefilms,____?A.hasn'tsheB.hassheC.isn'tsheD.isshe2.Hisunclehasalreadypostedthephotostohim.(改為否定句)Hisuncle______postedthephotostohim______.析:already常用在肯定句中,yet常用在否定句、疑問句中,故填hasn't,yet。3.-AnnhasgonetoShanghai.-So______herparents.A.hasB.hadC.didD.have析:"so+助/系/情態(tài)動詞+主語"結(jié)構(gòu)中的動詞形式應與前句結(jié)構(gòu)中動詞形式保持一致,又后句的主語為herparents是復數(shù),故選D。二、考查其用法與標志詞(一)當句中有never,ever,just,already,yet,before等時,常用現(xiàn)在完成時。如:1.-Mum,mayIgooutandplaybasketball?-______you______yourhomeworkyet?A.Do;finishB.Are;finishingC.Did;finishD.Have;finished2.-______you______anywherebefore?-Yes,butIcan'trememberwhereI______A.Did;surf;surfedB.Have;surfed;surfedC.Did;surf;havesurfedD.Have;surfed;havesurfed析:據(jù)yet和before可知,應用現(xiàn)在完成時,故1題選D,2題選D。(二)當句中有"for+段時間"或"since+點時間"等時,主句常用現(xiàn)在完成時,謂語動詞必須是延續(xù)性動詞,若是非延續(xù)性動詞,要改為延續(xù)性動詞或表狀態(tài)的詞(短語)。如:1.HisbrotherhasbeentoStoneForesttwice______hecametoYunnan.A.afterB.beforeC.sinceD.for析:主句用的是現(xiàn)在完成時,而從句用的是一般過去時,故選C。2.Tom______theCDplayerfortwoweeks.A.haslentB.hasborrowedC.hasboughtD.hashad析:A、B、C均為非延續(xù)性動詞,在肯定句中不與表"段時間"的短語連用,故選D。3.I______aletterfromhimsinceheleft.A.didn'treceiveB.haven'tgotC.didn'thaveD.haven'theard析:據(jù)since可知,應排除A、C,"hearfromsb.=receive/get/havealetterfromsb."意為"收到某人的來信",故選B。三、考查have/hasbeen(to,in)/have/hasgone(to)的區(qū)別。如:1.-Haveyouever______LintongtoseetheTerraCottaWarriors?-Yes,Ihave.A.wenttoB.gonetoC.beeninD.beento析:據(jù)句中的have,排除A,B項意為"去某地了",C項意為"一直呆在某地",D項意為"去過某地",符合題意,故選D。2.Myparents______Shangdongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen四、考查現(xiàn)在完成時與其他時態(tài)的聯(lián)系和區(qū)別。如:1.Sun'saunthasgonetherefortenyears.(改成正確的句子)2.Susanhasbeeninthiscityformorethantenyears.(改為同義句)________morethantenyears____Susan______tothiscity.析:據(jù)上題分析,且since引導的從句要用一般過去時,故填Itis,since,came。3.Iwon'tgototheconcertbecauseI____myticket.A.lostB.don'tloseC.havelostD.iscoming析:因我丟了票的動作發(fā)生在過去,而且對現(xiàn)在造成了我不能參加音樂會的結(jié)果,符合現(xiàn)在完成時所表示的含意,故選C?,F(xiàn)在完成時專項練習題及答案一、單項選擇。1、Bothhisparentslooksad.Maybethey________what'shappenedtohim.A.knewB.haveknownC.mustknowD.willknow2、Hehas_______beentoShanghai,hashe?A.alreadyB.neverC.everD.still3、HaveyoumetMrLi______?A.justB.agoC.beforeD.amomentago4、Thefamouswriter_____onenewbookinthepasttwoyear.A.iswritingB.waswritingC.wroteD.haswritten5、—Ourcountry______alotsofar.—Yes.Ihopeitwillbeeven______.A.haschanged;wellB.changed;goodC.haschanged;betterD.changed;better6、ZhaoLan______already______inthisschoolfortwoyears.A.was;studyingB.will;studyC.has;studiedD.are;studying7、We______XiaoLisinceshewasalittlegirl.A.knowB.hadknownC.haveknownD.knew8、HarryPotterisaverynicefilm.I_______ittwice.A.willseeB.haveseenC.sawD.see9、—ThesefarmershavebeentotheUnitedStates.—Really?When_____there?A.willtheygoB.didtheygoC.dotheygoD.havetheygone10、—______you___yourhomeworkyet?—Yes.I_____itamomentago.A.Did;do;finishedB.Have;done;finishedC.Have;done;havefinishedD.will;do;finish11、Hisfather______thePartysince1978.A.joinedB.hasjoinedC.wasinD.hasbeenin12、—Doyouknowhimwell?—Sure.We_________friendssincetenyearsago.A.wereB.havebeenC.havebecomeD.havemade13、—Howlonghaveyou____here?—Abouttwomonths.A.beenB.goneC.comeD.Arrived14、Hurryup!Theplay__________fortenminutes.A.hasbegunB.hadbegunC.hasbeenonD.began15It_____tenyearssinceheleftthearmy.A.isB.hasC.willD.was16、MissGreenisn'tintheoffice.she_______tothelibrary.A.hasgoneB.wentC.willgoD.hasbeen17、Myparents______Shandongfortenyears.A.havebeeninB.havebeentoC.havegonetoD.havebeen18、Thestudentshavecleanedtheclassroom,?A.sotheyB.don’ttheyC.havetheyD.haven’tthey19、hasMrWhitebeenamemberofGreenerChinasincehetoChina?A.Howsoon,comesB.Howoften,gotC.Howlong,cameD.Howfar,arrived20Hisuncleformorethan9years.A.hascomehereB.hasstartedtoworkC.haslivedthereD.haslefttheuniversity二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1、Hehasneversurfed,_______________?(改成反意疑問句)2、Theyhavebeenheresince2000.(對劃線部分提問)___________havetheybeenhere?3、Theoldman_________lastyear.He_________forayear(die)(動詞填空)4、Thisfactoryopenedtwentyyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)Thisfactory___________________fortwentyyears.5、MissGaoleftanhourago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)MissGao_______________________________anhourago.6、HermotherhasbeenaPartymemberforthreeyears.(同義句)Hermother_______thePartythreeyears________.7、TheGreenFamilymovedtoFrancetwoyearsago.(同義句轉(zhuǎn)換)_______twoyears________theGreenfamilymovedtoFrance.8、Thebushasarrivedhere.Itarrivedtenminutesago.(把兩個句子合并成一個句子)___________________________________________三、
漢譯英。1、吉姆已做完作業(yè),他現(xiàn)在有空了。______________________________________________________________2、他昨天收到一封信。______________________________________________________________3、我父親以前到過長城。______________________________________________________________4、她還沒有看過那部新電影。______________________________________________________________5、她去過上海。______________________________________________________________6、他這些天上哪兒去了?______________________________________________________________參考答案:一、單項選擇。1、現(xiàn)在完成時主要強調(diào)過去發(fā)生的】、作對現(xiàn)在造的影響,或過去發(fā)生的動作還未結(jié)束,一直持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在或?qū)恚攸c在于對現(xiàn)在的影響。這種考查難度較大,往往無時間狀語,需要從上下文分析、推理才行。故上兩側(cè)根據(jù)上下文分析、推理,正確答案是B。2、現(xiàn)在完成時常與already(已經(jīng)),just(剛剛,正好),ever(曾經(jīng)),never(從來,也不;從不),before(以前),yet(仍然)等連用。故2應選B。3、C4、現(xiàn)在完成時常與recently(近來),sofar(到目前為止),inthepast/“l(fā)ast+一段時間”等時間狀語連用。因為上述短語表示的是從現(xiàn)在起往前推算的一段時間,句中的動作是從過去某一時間或時刻開始持續(xù)到現(xiàn)在的。故4應選D。5、C6、現(xiàn)在完成時時常與“for+時間段或since+過去時間點”連用(含從句,從句過去時)。故6應選C。7、C8、現(xiàn)在完成時還與once(一次),twice(兩次),threetimes(三次),severaltimes(幾次)等表示重復次數(shù)的詞語連用。故8應選B。9、現(xiàn)在完成時與一般過去時容易混淆,就是因為它們所表示的動作都發(fā)生在過去,但二者又有區(qū)別:一般過去時表示過去某個時間發(fā)生的事、存在的狀態(tài)或經(jīng)常發(fā)生的動作,說話的側(cè)重點在于陳述一件過去的事情,與現(xiàn)在沒有關系;現(xiàn)在完成時表示與現(xiàn)在有關系的發(fā)生在過去的動作,它不與表示過去的時間狀語(如yesterday,lastweek,amomentago等)連用。故9的正確答案為B。10、B11、現(xiàn)在完成時中,非延續(xù)性動詞不能與for和since引導的表示一段時間的狀語連用,通常是用相應的延續(xù)性動詞來代替。故11的正確答案依次為:D。12、B13、A14、C15、A。16、“have/hasgoneto+地點”表示“某人去了某地(還未回來)”,指主語所指的人不在這兒?!癶ave/hasbeenin+地點”表示“在某地呆了多長時間”,常與表示時間的狀語連用?!癶ave/hasbeento+地點”表示“曾經(jīng)去過某地(但現(xiàn)在已不在那兒)?!惫?6的正確答案為A。17、A18、D19、C20、C二、句型轉(zhuǎn)換。1、hashe?2、Howlong3、died,hasbeendead4、hasbeenopen5、hasbeenaway6、joined;ago7、Itis,since8、Thebushasbeenherefortenminutes.三、漢譯英。1、Jimhasfinisheddoinghishomeworkalready.Heisfreenow.2、Hereceivedaletteryesterday.3、MyfatherhasbeentotheGreatWallbefore.4、Shehasn'tseenthenewfilmyet.5、ShehasbeentoShanghai.6、Wherehashebeenthesedays?(UNIT2)過去進行時(注意whenwhileas引導的時間狀語從句。)(UNIT3)被動語態(tài)復習“三步曲”被動語態(tài)是動詞語態(tài)的一種形式,表示主語是動作的承受者。在歷年的中考題中,都有一定數(shù)量的考查被動語態(tài)的題目。因此,有必要對被動語態(tài)進行系統(tǒng)復習。第一曲:掌握被動語態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)被動語態(tài)由"助動詞+及物動詞的過去分詞"構(gòu)成。不同時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)的差異主要體現(xiàn)在助動詞be的變化上,同時助動詞be還要在人稱和數(shù)上與主語保持一致?,F(xiàn)將初中階段常見的幾種時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)總結(jié)如下:1.一般現(xiàn)在時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+done(指及物動詞的過去分詞,下同)如:Englishisusedallovertheworld.2.一般過去時的被動語態(tài):was/were+done如:Thepicturewaspaintedtwoyearsago.3.現(xiàn)在進行時的被動語態(tài):am/is/are+being+done如:Theflowersarebeingwateredbythemnow.4.現(xiàn)在完成時的被動語態(tài):have(has)+been+done如:Theroomhasbeencleaned.5.一般將來時的被動語態(tài):will/begoingto+be+done如:Theworkwillbefinishedtomorrow.6.含有情態(tài)動詞的被動語態(tài):情態(tài)動詞+be+done如:Yourhomeworkmustbehandedintoday.其它幾種特殊句型:Itissaidthat……..Itiswellknownthat…….Itisreportedthat……..havesthdone第二曲:掌握主動語態(tài)變被動語態(tài)的方法把主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,應走好以下三步:1)主動語態(tài)的賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語;2)主動語態(tài)的謂語動詞由主動語態(tài)形式變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)形式;3)主動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語變?yōu)榻樵~by的賓語,組成介詞短語,放在被動結(jié)構(gòu)的謂語動詞之后。在無須說明動作的執(zhí)行者或只強調(diào)動作的承受者時,by短語可以省略。請看示范:主動語態(tài):Mybrotherrepairedthatbikeyesterday.主語謂語動詞賓語其余部分被動語態(tài):Thatbikewasrepaired(bymybrother)yesterday.主語謂語動詞by+賓語其余部分對于主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)方法的考查,主要在句型轉(zhuǎn)換題目中出現(xiàn)。只要能夠按照上面介紹的方法去做,一般是能夠做對的。第三曲:注意主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的幾種特殊句型1.含有短語動詞的被動語態(tài)一般來說,只有及物動詞才有被動語態(tài)。另外,許多不及物動詞加上介詞或副詞構(gòu)成的短語動詞,相當于及物動詞,后面也可加賓語。在變被動語態(tài)時,注意不可丟掉后面的介詞或副詞,常見的這類短語動詞有:takecareof,lookafter,takeoff,lookat,sendfor,lookup等。如:Theoldpeopleshouldbetakengoodcareof.2.含有雙賓語的動詞的被動語態(tài)含有雙賓語的主動句改為被動句時,應將其中一個賓語改為被動結(jié)構(gòu)的主語,另一個賓語仍保留在原處。一種情況是把間接賓語(指人)變?yōu)橹髡Z,直接賓語(指物)不變。另一種情況是把直接賓語(指物)變?yōu)橹髡Z,間接賓語(指人)不變,這時,間接賓語前通常加介詞to,有時加for。如:Myfathergavemeanewbookonmybirthday.→Iwasgivenanewbook(bymyfather)onmybirthday.(間接賓語作了主語)Anewbookwasgiventome(bymyfather)onmybirthday.(直接賓語作了主語)3.帶有復合賓語的動詞的被動語態(tài)帶有復合賓語(賓語和賓語補足語)的主動語態(tài)變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,只把賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,原來的賓語補足語不動。同時,如果賓語補足語是省略to的動詞不定式,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,必須加上不定式符號to,這類動詞有make,let,see,hear,watch等。如:WefindEnglishveryuseful.→Englishisfoundveryuseful.賓語賓補Ioftenhearhimsinginhisroom.→Heisoftenheardtosinginhisroom.賓語賓補4.有的動詞的主動形式可以表示被動意義,這類動詞有:wash,sell,smell,taste,sound,feel等。如:Thebookssellwell.Thefoodtastesgood.以上四種情況在中考題目中經(jīng)常出現(xiàn),同學們在碰到類似題目時,應首先分析屬于哪種情況,然后再根據(jù)掌握的知識來做題。二、被動語態(tài)考點歸納1.主動語態(tài)改為被動語態(tài)時,被動語態(tài)應和主動語態(tài)的時態(tài)保持一致。如:WespeakEnglish.(改為被動語態(tài))English_______________byus.[分析]此句主動語態(tài)為一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),被動語態(tài)也應用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài),因此,答案應是isspoken。2.注意被動語態(tài)的謂語結(jié)構(gòu)。一般現(xiàn)在時是:am/is/are+p.p;一般過去時是:was/were+p.p;現(xiàn)在完成時是:have/has/been+p.p;現(xiàn)在進行時是:am/is/are/+being+p.p;含有情態(tài)動詞的是:情態(tài)動詞+be+p.p。有詩曰:被動語態(tài)須注意,謂語不離“be”“p.p”。主謂一致別忘記,“進行”易丟一個“be”。(注:p.p過去分詞)。如:Wemusttakegoodcareofoureyes.(改為被動語態(tài))Oureyesmust___________goodcareof.[分析]此句中含有情態(tài)動詞must,那么,我們根據(jù)“情態(tài)動詞+be+p.p.”的公式可知,答案應是betaken。3.注意句中主謂語的一致關系。如:Tea______(grow)insoutheastofChinaandIndia.[分析]此句中主語tea是不可數(shù)名詞,作主語時謂語動詞應用單數(shù)形式。而此句說明的又是一自然現(xiàn)象,因此就應用一般現(xiàn)在時態(tài)。所以,答案應是isgrown。4.注意復合賓語的變化。如:Theycouldn”tmakethecowgo.(改為被動語態(tài))[分析]thecowgo在句中作make的復合賓語。一般情況下,變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)后,賓語補足語的結(jié)構(gòu)形式、所處位置原封不動地保存下來,但make/have/let/see/watch/hear等后原可省的to要還原回來。顯然,此句中,thecowgo中省去的to應還原回來,因此答案應是Thecowcouldn”tbemadetogo.5.注意雙賓語的變化。如:MrSmithshowedthestudentstwopicturesyesterday.(改為被動語態(tài))Twopictures________________thestudentsbyMrSmith.[分析]變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)時,雙賓語中的任何一個皆可變?yōu)橹髡Z,一般變直接賓語,但間接賓語前必須加上介詞to或for。此句中顯然是把直接賓語變?yōu)楸粍诱Z態(tài)的主語,那么,間接賓語前須加上介詞to,所以答案應是wereshownto。6.注意短語動詞中的“小詞”。如:Theoldmenandthechildren____inourcountry.A.musttakegoodcareB.mustbetakengoodcareC.mustbetakengoodcareofD.musttakegoodcareof[分析]短語動詞是一個不可分割的整體,應當做一個詞來看待,變成被動語態(tài)后,“小詞”不能丟棄。因此,此題答案應是C。被動語態(tài)專項練習1.
—How
long
_____
at
this
job?
—Since
1990.
A.
were
you
employed
B.
have
you
been
employedC.
had
you
been
employed
D.
will
you
be
employed2.
—What
happened
to
the
priceless
works
of
art?
—________.
A.
They
were
destroyed
in
the
earthquakeB.
The
earthquake
was
destroying
themC.
They
destroyed
in
the
earthquakeD.
The
earthquake
destroyed
them
3.
If
city
noises
______
from
increasing,
people______
shout
to
be
heard
even
at
the
dinner
table
20
years
from
now.A.
are
not
kept;
will
have
to
B.
are
not
kept;
have
to
C.
do
not
keep;
will
have
to
D.
do
not
keep;
have
to
4.—Do
you
like
the
material?
—Yes,
it
______
very
soft.
A.
is
feeling
B.
felt
C.
feels
D.
is
felt
5.
I
need
one
more
stamp
before
my
collection
______.
A.
has
completed
B.
completes
C.
has
been
completed
D.
is
completed
6.
All
the
preparations
for
the
task
_____
,
and
we're
ready
to
start.A.
completed
B.
complete
C.
had
been
completed
D.
have
been
completed
7.
Hundreds
of
jobs
______
if
the
factory
closes.A.
lose
B.
will
be
lost
C.
are
lost
D.
will
lose
8.
A
new
cinema______
here.
They
hope
to
finish
it
next
month.
A.
will
be
built
B.
is
built
C.
has
been
built
D.
is
being
built
9.
After
the
class,the
students
went
out
of
the
classroom
one
by
one,
but
only
Mary______.
A.
left
B.
had
left
C.
was
leaving
D.
was
left
10.
The
teacher
told
the
students
that
they______
to
be
useful
men
to
the
country.
A.
were
all
expected
B.were
all
expecting
C.
all
were
expected
D.
all
expected
11.
He_____in
a
shower
last
night
and
got
wet
through.A.
caught
B.
was
caught
C.
had
caught
D.
caught
up
12.
The
thief______
when
he
was
stealing
a
wallet
from
a
woman.A.
happened
to
notice
B.
was
taken
place
to
notice
C.
was
happened
to
be
noticed
D.
happened
to
be
noticed
13.
He______
and
was
made
to
repeat
it.A.
didn't
understand
B.
didn't
be
understoodC.
wasn't
understand
D.
wasn't
understood
14.
The
pupils
here_____
all
kinds
of
exercises
every
day
in
the
past
few
weeks.A.
kept
busy
doing
B.
keep
on
doingC.
have
kept
busy
doing
D.
have
been
kept
busy
doing
15.
—What
were
you
doing
when
Tom
came
to
see
you?
—I
_____on
my
overcoat
and
______
to
visit
a
friend
of
mine.A.
have
just
put;
leaving
B.
was
put;
was
leftC
.had
just
put;
was
leaving
D.
was
putting;
left
16.
They
said
good-bye,
hardly
knowing
that
they
______again.A.
were
never
met
B.
will
never
meet
C.
never
met
D.
were
never
to
meet
17.
—What
happened
to
the
postman?
—I
don't
know.
He______
around
here
for
a
long
time.A.
hasn't
seen
B.
didn't
see
C.
wasn't
seen
D.
hasn't
been
seen
18.
Don't
get
that
ink
on
your
shirt,
for
it______.A.
won't
wash
out
B.
won't
be
washed
out
C.
isn't
washed
out
D.
doesn't
wash
away
19.—Do
you
know
anyone
in
Paris?
—No.
I'll
make
friends
once______.A.
I'm
settled
B.
I
have
settled
C.
I'll
be
settled
D.
I'm
settling
20.
Not
having
finished
his
homework,
______
to
watch
TV.A.
Mother
forbade
him
B.
so
he
was
forbidden
C.
and
he
wanted
D.
he
was
forbidden
21.
—Bob,
you______
on
the
phone.
—______.A.
are
needed;
I'm
coming
B.
are
wanted;
ComingC.
are
called;
I'll
come
D.
are
rung
up;
Thanks
22.
E-mail,
as
well
as
telephones,
______
an
important
part
in
daily
communication.
A.
is
being
played
B.
are
playing
C.
have
played
D.
is
playing
23.
Jackson______
to
work
in
government
office
though
he
hated
serving
there.
A.
wanted
B.
was
wanted
C.
was
wanting
D.
had
wanted
24.
Your
cough
ought
______
before
it
gets
worse.
A.
to
see
B.
to
be
seen
C.
to
see
to
D.
to
be
seen
to25.
—I'm
going
away
for
the
weekend.
—But
you
_____you______
out
to
dinner
with
me.
A.
say;
will
come
B.
say;
cameC.
said;
would
come
D.
have
said;
will
made
26.
I
don't
know
what
decisions
______
at
the
conference
as
John
hasn't
reported
to
me
yet.A.
would
make
B.
will
make
C.
are
made
D.
were
made
27.
—Would
you
have
come
to
his
help,
had
you
been
free?
—Yes.
But
I______
engaged.A.
was
B.
were
C.
had
been
D.
would
be
28.
All
the
preparations
for
the
task
______,
and
we're
ready
to
start.A.
completed
B.
completeC.
had
been
completedD.
have
been
completed答案與分析
1.
B
從答語Since
1990我們可以知道,說話人問的是一段時間,since表示"從
過去一直到現(xiàn)在",因此本空用現(xiàn)在完成時。
2.
A
本題考查時態(tài)語態(tài)與習慣表達。第一個說話人問的是發(fā)生在the
priceless
works
of
art的事情,因此回答時為了有所側(cè)重,將they放在主語的位置上,
they與destroy間為被動關系,在這里敘述過去的事情,因此最佳答案是A。
3.
A
在真實條件狀語從句中,主句應用一般將來時,從句用一般現(xiàn)在時。還
要注意city
noises和keep是被動關系
4.C
從形式上看,該句很像是被動語態(tài),結(jié)果選D的考生有一些。而實際上
feel是摸起來的意思,與后面的soft是系表結(jié)構(gòu)。作為此意講時,feel沒有被
動語態(tài),也不可用作進行時,故A、D、B項不可選。本題區(qū)分度為0.357,
通過率為35%。
5.
D
該題的考查目標是時間狀語從句中時態(tài)和語態(tài)的用法。從原題的主句時
態(tài)看出,從句中應該用一般現(xiàn)在時。而complete與collection構(gòu)成動賓關系,
所以用被動語態(tài)。故D最佳。本題區(qū)分度為0.451,通過率為4l%。
6.
D
All
the
preparations與complete之間應為被動關系,故排除A、B。依據(jù)
we're
ready
to
start,故排除C。
7.B此題是在if引起一個狀語從句中,從句用現(xiàn)在時,主句中用一般將來時,
而且句意為被動,故B為最佳。
8.
D
從后面的提示看,這項工程沒有完工,故應正在建設之中,而且是被動
語態(tài),故D為最佳。
9.
D
leave既可作"離開"解,又可作"留下"解。本題明顯含有"Mary被留在教室
里
(by
the
teacher)"之意。
10.
A
此句用被動語態(tài),表示"他們被期待、被指望……",all常置于be動詞或
第一個助動詞之后。
11.
B
表示"淋雨"、"碰上陣雨"時,若"雨"作主語,用主動形式,動詞用
catch;若"人"作主語,則用be
caught
in結(jié)構(gòu)。
12.
D
happen,take
place不用于被動語態(tài),但happen
to
(碰巧)
之后的不定式可
以用被動語態(tài)。本題的notice與主語thief是動賓關系,故用不定式的被動
形式。
13.
D
從He...was
made
to
repeat
it可推斷他的話未被理解,故用被動形式。
14.
D
keep
sb.busy
doings
sth.表示"使某人忙于",完成時的被動形式應為have
been
kept
busy
doing
sth.。
15.
C
前-個動作在
"Tom來看"時已完成,后一個正要去做。
16.
D
were
(was)
to
do
sth.表示從過去某一時間來看將要發(fā)生的事。
17.
D
從時間狀語for
a
long
time可知,到說話時為止長時間沒見到郵遞員了。
故用現(xiàn)在完成時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。
18.
A
"won't
wash
out"意思是"不會洗掉"。用來說明主語的特征。
19.
A
settle作"安家"解時,既可用settle,也可用be
settled。本題是由once即
(一
旦)引起的時間狀語從句,故用一般現(xiàn)在時表將來。
20.
D
本題前半部分是現(xiàn)在分詞的完成時作原因狀語。根據(jù)分詞作狀語,其
邏輯主語必須與句子主語相一致的原則,排除A。B、C兩項分別有連詞so
和and,故不對。
21.
B"有你的電話"英語應說you
are
wanted
on
the
telephone。答語用coming表
示"我就來(=I'm
coming.)"
22.
D
as
well
as連接兩個主語時,謂語動詞應和as
well
as前的主語一致。
23.
B
盡管Jackson不愿意在政府部門工作,但是政府部門卻相中了他。
24.
D
題意為"趁著咳嗽得不很厲害,你應該馬上就醫(yī)才是。"
25.C
因為主句的謂語動詞用的是過去時態(tài),所以從句的時態(tài)應該用過去時態(tài)
的一種,這里是間接引語形式。
26.
D
make與decisions是動賓關系,at
the
conference告訴我們,(會上)作出決
定已成事實,只不過John尚未報告究竟作出什么樣的決定,故本題用過
去時態(tài)的被動語態(tài)。
27.
A
此題的關鍵是but,I
was
engaged意思是"我當時很忙。"
28.
D
現(xiàn)在完成時表示過去的動作對現(xiàn)在造成的影響。從and
we're
ready
to
start
可知,一切準備工作已經(jīng)就緒,可以開始工作了。(UNIT5)直接引語變間接引語一、句式的變化1.陳述句變?yōu)橐詔hat引導的賓語從句?!瞭hat在口語中常省略〕Shesaid,“Ourtrainwillarriveinfiveminutes.”Shesaid(that)theirtrainwouldarriveinfiveminutes.Hesaid,“I’mverybusy.”Hesaid(that)hewasverybusy.2.一般疑問句變成if/whether引導的賓語從句。Hesaid,“Canyouswim,John?”HeaskedJohnifhecouldswim.Theteachersaid,“Haveyouallunderstoodme?”Theteacheraskedifwehadallunderstoodhim.If/whether的用法主要區(qū)別點:a.whether可與or(not)連用Idon’tknowwhetherhewillcomeornot.b.與介詞連用:Wearetalkingaboutwhetherhewillwin.c.與不定式連用:Ican’tdecidewhethertogowithyou.3.特殊疑問句變?yōu)橛蓋ho/what/when等疑問詞引導的賓語從句。Georgesaid,“WhenwillyougetbackfromShanghai,Mike?”GeorgeaskedMikewhenhewouldgetbackfromShanghaiHesaid,“Whereareyougoing?”HeaskedwhereIwasgoing.4.祈使句變?yōu)閯釉~不定式?!脖硎久顣r常用tell;表示請求時常用ask。Don’t變?yōu)閚ot〕Theteachersaidtotheboy,“Openthewindow.”Theteachertoldtheboytoopenthewindow.Hisfathersaidtohim,“Don’tleavethedooropen.”Hisfathertoldhimnottoleavethedooropen.5.反意疑問句,變?yōu)橛蒳f/whether引導的賓語從句。Sheaskedme,“Youhaveseenthefilm,haven’tyou?”Sheaskedmeif/whetherIhadseenthefilm.6.選擇問句,變?yōu)閣hether…or…Iaskedhim,“Willyoustayathomeorgotoafilmtonight?”Iaskedhimwhetherhewouldstayathomeorgotoafilmthatnight.7.直接引語是感嘆句時,變間接引語時可用what或how引導,有時也可用that引導。Shesaid,“Whatalovelydayitis!”Shesaidwhatalovelydayitwas.Shesaidthatitwasalovelyday.二、時態(tài)的變化附:時態(tài)不變的幾種情況:1.Hesays,“I’mverybusytoday.”Hesays(that)heisverybusytoday.Hewillsay,“Ihavewateredtheflowers.”Hewillsay(that)hehaswateredtheflowers.2.直接引語如果是客觀真理,事實,格言等內(nèi)容時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。例:Hesaid:“Lighttravelsmuchfasterthansound.”他說:“光傳播的速度要比聲音快得多?!盚esaidthatlighttravelsmuchfasterthansound3.直接引語是書信、新聞報道等相關內(nèi)容時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。4.直接引語說的是一個人習慣的動作時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。5.轉(zhuǎn)述正在進行的對話時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。6.直接引語有具體的表示過去的時間時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。7.when和since引導的時間狀語從句時,變間接引語時,時態(tài)不變。一般現(xiàn)在時→一般過去時一般將來時→過去將來時現(xiàn)在進行時→過去進行時一般過去時→過去完成時現(xiàn)在完成時→過去完成時三、時間狀語的變化now→then lastmonth→themonthbeforetoight→thatnight today→thatdaythreedaysago→threedaysbeforetomorrow→thenextdaythisweek→thatweeknextmonth→thenextmonth yesterday→thedaybeforethedayaftertomorrow→intwodays例:Shesaid,“Iwentthereyesterday.”她說,“我昨天去那兒了?!盨hesaidthatshehadgonetherethedaybefore.她說她前一天去那兒了。四、人稱的變化①直接引語的主語為第一人稱時,變?yōu)殚g接引語要和主句的主語保持一致。Hesaid:“IwillgotoBeijingtomorrow.”HesaidthathewouldgotoBeijingthenextday.②直接引語的主語為第二人稱時,要和主句的賓語保持一致。例:Hesaidtome:“Youwillleavetomorrow.”HetoldmethatIwouldleavethenextday.③直接引語是第三人稱為主語時,變間接引語時不變。例:Hesaidtome:“Mysisterwillleavetomorrow.”Hetoldmethathissisterwouldleavetomorrow.Hesaidtous:“Theywanttocome.”Hetoldusthattheywantedtogo.五、其它變化指示代詞的變化this→that these→thoseShesaid:“Iwillcomethismorning.”她說,“我今天上午來?!盨hesaidthatshewouldgothatmorning.她說她那天上午去。地點狀語的變化here→thereHesaid,“Mysisterwasherethreedaysago.他說:“我姐姐三天前在這兒?!盚esaidthathissisterhadbeentherethreedaysbefore.他說他姐姐三天前去那兒。謂語動詞的變化come→goShesaid,“Iwillcomeheretomorrow.”她說,“我明天來這。”Shesaidthatshewouldgotherethenextday.她說她第二天去那兒。中考賓語從句常見錯誤例析賓語從句是中考的考點,也是英語學習中的難點?,F(xiàn)將賓語從句的常見錯誤作一歸納、分析。一、連接詞的錯誤例1:He
asked
___
there
was
a
bookshop
in
the
street?
A.
that
B.
what
C.
how
D.
whether錯解:A剖析:ask
表明了賓語部分
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