北師大版高三一輪復(fù)習(xí)定語從句精講

1、定語從句定語：是用來修飾、限定、說明名詞或代詞的品質(zhì)與特征的。從句：復(fù)合句中不能獨立成句，但具有主語部分和謂語部分。（與主句相對）定語從句：在復(fù)合句中作定語的從句；說明主句中某一名詞或代詞(有時也可說明整個主句或主句中一部分)而起定語作用的句子。先行詞：定語從句的引導(dǎo)詞前面的被定語從句所修飾的名詞、代詞。關(guān)系詞：引導(dǎo)定語從句的詞，可分為關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞。關(guān)系詞一般位于先行詞與定語從句之間，且作為定語從句的一個成分。關(guān)系代詞主要有：which that whowhom whose as；關(guān)系副詞主要有：whenwhere why。試分析： Her sister has become a lay

2、er which she wanted to be.考點一：關(guān)系代詞的用法1. 關(guān)系代詞的作用 . 連接作用：關(guān)系代詞引導(dǎo)從句，把它和主句連接起來； . 替代作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中替代它前面的先行詞； . 成分作用：關(guān)系代詞在從句中總是充當(dāng)句子成分（主語，賓語或表語）；Yesterday I helped an old manwholosthisway.主句關(guān)系代詞從句（連接主句和從句，在從句中代替“an old man”，在從句中充當(dāng)主語）2. 關(guān)系代詞的用法分類從句用于限制性和非限制性定語從句只用于限制性定語從句關(guān)系代詞指人指物既指人又指物格主格詞whowhichthat賓格詞who(m)

3、屬格詞whose/of whomwhose/ of whichwhose（在從句中作定語） 限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句 . 限制性定語從句起修飾限制的作用，是主句不可少的一部分，與先行詞無逗號隔開，翻譯成中文常譯成前置定語 - “.的人（或東西） ”。從句不能省略，去掉它主句意思往往不明確；Those who want to go, sign their names on the paper. .非限制性定語從句對先行詞起補(bǔ)充說明的作用，可有可無，省去不影響句子的意思，常用逗號 隔開，翻譯成并列分句。This note was left by John, who was here a m

4、oment ago.注意：why 和 that 不能引導(dǎo)非限制性定語從句。非限制性定語從句能將整個主句作為先行詞 （看作一個整體） , 對其進(jìn)行修飾 , 這時從句謂語動詞要用第三人稱單數(shù)He seems not to have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me.這使我心煩。3. 易混關(guān)系代詞辨析易混關(guān)系代詞that 和 which關(guān)系詞是物時，關(guān)系代詞that, which 可以通用，但有區(qū)別。第 1頁1)在限定性定 從句中只能用that 的情況 . 先行 不定代 （ all, nothing, the one, much 等）或被不定

5、代 (all, any, every, no, some, little, much ，few ， one of)修 。 something 兩者均可You can take any seat that is free.Tell us all that you know. . 先行 是 first, last, next 等序數(shù) 或被序數(shù) 修 That is the first composition thatI ve written in English. .先行 是形容 最高 或被形容 最高 修 This is the best that has been used against pol

6、lution. .當(dāng)人和物同 先行 。(that 既可指人也可指物)Everyone wants to see the spaceship and the spaceman that made the flight around the earth. .先行 是be 的表 或關(guān)系 在從句中作表 It s a book that will help you a lot.He is no longer the man (that) he used to be. . 先行 被 the only, the very (正是 ,恰是 ), the same 等修 That is the very pen

7、 (that) I am looking for. .當(dāng)主句是以who， which 或 what 開 的特殊疑 句 （先行 疑 ）Which of the two cows that you keep produces more milk?What did you hear that made you so angry? .先行 the way/ the time/the moment/the first time/the last time等名 I don tlike the way (that) he talks.This is the third time (that) he has

8、been late this week. .當(dāng)主句以There be 構(gòu)開 ，或關(guān)系代 在there be 構(gòu)中作 主 ，且先行 物There is a seat in the corner that is still free.There are two tickets of the film that are for you. .當(dāng)先行 是基數(shù) Yesterday I caught two fish and put them in a basin of water.Now you can see the two that are still alive. 學(xué) 用：1. Was it in

9、the beautiful park _was located by the sea _you first met your new English teacher?A. where; that B. which; which C. that; that D.which; where答案： C2) 只用 which 的情況 . 關(guān)系代 前有介 或介 短 Here is a book about which I told you yesterday. . 非限制性定 從句中 ,充當(dāng)主 或定 或用來指代上文中的一件事情 They have three houses, which are built

10、 of stone.The weather turned out to be very good, which was better than we could expect. . 先行 后有插入 。Here is the English grammar book which, as I ve told you, will help improve your English.I ve bought you some books which I think may interest you. . 避免重復(fù)。I told them a story last night, which that ha

11、d been made up by me was very interesting. . 當(dāng)先行 本身是that 時What s that which flashed in the sky just now? 學(xué) 用：第 2頁1. The owner wanted to charge $5,000 for his car, _ I managed to lower to $3,500.A. since B. what C. which D. that【答案】 C2.27.Bears often hide themselves in places _ canA. in which B. wher

12、e C. that D.不填 t be found by hunters.【答案】 C易混關(guān)系代 as 和 whichas 的意思和用法副 詞 adv.1. 像.一 地 ,同 地（ 常用于as as 構(gòu)中前面的“ as”是副 ，修 形容 ；后面的“as”做介 ，后面跟名 ；或做 ，跟從句否定句中用not so as ）Im as tall as him.我和他一樣高。The dining room was twice as big as the Toms.這個餐廳比湯姆的餐廳大一倍。2. 如同 ;例如There are lots of famous buildings as Eiffel To

13、wer and Arch of Triumph.這里有許多著名建筑如埃菲爾鐵塔和凱旋門。介 prep.1. 作 ,以 .的身份He works as a tour guide. 他作 游工作。She is a famous person as a actress. 作 一個女演 ,他很出名2. 當(dāng)作 I think him as a good friend. 我把他當(dāng)作好朋友。3. 像; 如同 The old woman was dressed as a young lady. 位老 人打扮得像一位年 人。 接 conj.（不充當(dāng)成分）1.像.一 ;依照 ;像 You ought to do

14、as Paul tells you. 你應(yīng)按照保羅吩咐的做。 Im as tall as he is. 我和他一樣高。2.當(dāng).時As she left the room she remembered that book. 她離開房 想起了那本 。3.隨著As the sun rose the fog dispersed. 太陽一出來 , 隨之消失。 As the time goes by 隨著 的流逝4.因 We didnt know what to do as we were just visiting there.我 不知道 怎么 ,因 當(dāng) 我 在那里作 。5. 然Tired as he

15、was, he sat up late. 他 然疲倦 ,可仍然很晚才睡。 （ as 引 的 步狀 從句要用倒裝）代 pron.1. (與 so, such, the same, as等 用 ,引 關(guān)系從句 )與 .相同的事物 ( 或人 ) He has earned as much money as I have. 他 的 和我 的一 多。2. (引 從句 , 前述內(nèi)容作 充 )本情況 , 事 She has married again, as was expected. 她已再婚 , 是意料中的事。注意區(qū)分： This book is written in such easy English

16、 as beginners can understand. （定 從句）This book is written in such easy English that beginners can understand. （ 果狀 從句） the same that 和 the same as的區(qū) ：表示同一種 多用as，表示同一事物多用that。I have bought the same watch as you have. （我的手表和你的手表很像，但不是同一 。）This is the（ same） watch that I lost.（ 手表和我 的手表是同一 ）as 和 which 的

17、相同點： . 在非限制性定 從句中，均可替代整個主句或句中某個部分，在從句中作主 ， ，表 如從句在主句之后，兩者皆可用。They failed in the exam, as/which is natural.She seems a scientist, as/which in fact she is.Grammar is not a set of dead rules, which/as I have said before.as 和 which 的不同點：第 3頁 .as 引 非限制性的定 從句，修 或代替前面的句子，其意思是“ 一點”；而 which引 的非限制性定 從句不 可以修 或

18、代替全句內(nèi)容，也可以代替某個 或短 。 .as 指代一句 和which指代一句 的用法區(qū) as 引 的從句可位于句首、句中、句末，后面常接行 的被 ，如be known,be said, bereported 等，往往 有“正如，好像”的意思；如從句中行 是主 ，一般要用which 作主 ，且which 只能放句末。As everyone knows, it is necessary to build a hospital in this small town.It is necessary to build a hospital in this small town, which is cl

19、ear to us. . 非限制性定 從句若是肯定句，用which, as 均可，若是否定句式或意思是否定（消極的含 ）的句子， 多用 which.She has married again, as was expected. 她又 婚了， 是大家意料之中的事。She has married again, which was unexpected. 她又 婚了，真是沒想到。 as 的 種用法通常出 在一些固定短 之中(“正如 ” 用搭配 ):as has been said before如之前 的那 as has been mentioned above如上所述as may be imagin

20、ed正如可以想象出來的那 as is well known /As everyone knows,眾所周知as was expected正如 料的那 as has been already pointed out正如已指出的那 as we all / I can see正如我 /我能看到的那 as you （ may）still remember正如你（也 ） 得的那 as you said正如你所 的那 as you may have heard,正如你所聽 的那 as is often the case 是常有的情形；正如 常 生的情況那 學(xué) 用：1. A computer is so u

21、seful _ a machine we can use everywhere.A. that B. which C. as D. what答案C2. We hope the measures to control house prices,_ are taken by the government, will succeed.A which B that C what D as【答案】 A易混關(guān)系代 who, whom 和 that先行 是人 ，關(guān)系代 可用who(m),that 引 定 從句，但下列情況一般用who, 而不用 that. . 當(dāng)先行 是 one, ones, any, fe

22、w, all, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody, everyone, everybody, those,people, person, he, they 等代 。Anyone who breaks the law should be punished. .一個句子中 有兩個定 從句，其中一個的關(guān)系 是that 。The student that won the first prize is the monitor who speaks English best in our class. .在 there be 句型中和非限制性句型中There is a

23、person who wants to see you.I met an old classmate yesterday, who is now a manager of a big company. .先行 是指人的名 或代 ，且在定 從句中作主 ，用who,且不可省略。Do you know the man who spoke just now? .在非限制性定 從句中作主 必 用who，作 用whom 。Tom s father, who is over sixty, still works hard.第 4頁Mr. Green, whom you saw in the library

24、yesterday, will teach us physics next term. .在分隔式定語從句中，若先行詞指人，為了明確修飾關(guān)系，應(yīng)當(dāng)用who(m) 。A new master will come tomorrow who will teach you German.There s only one student in the school who/whom I wanted to see.I was the only person in my office who was invited. .當(dāng)先行詞有較長的后置定語修飾,尤其是被一些指物的名詞修飾時。Do you know t

25、he writer in blue with thick glasses who is speaking at the meeting? .定語從句中有插入語時, 并不影響關(guān)系代詞和副詞的選擇。Jackson is a man who I believe is honest.He won another award, which I think is the result of his hard work. .先行詞是指人的名詞或代詞，且在定語從句中作賓語時，用who, whom 或 that 都可以，可以省略；但關(guān)系詞前有介詞時，只能用whom.I have many friends to

26、whom I am going to send postcards.現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：1. The increased monthly pay will benefit more than 23 million migrant workers _ are currently employed in Guangdong Province.A where B whose C which D who【答案】 D易混關(guān)系代詞whose和 which（表示所屬關(guān)系。的）關(guān)系代詞在定語從句總做定語時用whose,先行詞是人或物的名詞均可。指物時，“ whose+名詞”可與“限定詞 +名詞 +of+ which ”

27、或“ of +which+限定詞 +名詞”換用。This is the student whose handwriting is the best in our school.I want the coat whose color ( the color of which/ of which the color ) is the lightest.現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：1. Last month ， part of Southeast Asia was struck by floods ，from _effects the people are still suffering. A.that B.whos

28、e C.those D.what答案B解析考查定語從句關(guān)系詞的用法。因為floods 與 effects 為所屬關(guān)系，因此應(yīng)使用whose.2. The man pulled out a gold watch, _ were made of small diamonds.A. the hands of whom B. whom the hands of C. which the hands of D. the hands of which 答案： D解析： 句意 “那個人拽出一塊金表， 表的指針是用一個鉆石做成的 ”。先行詞 a gold watch ，代入定語從句后為： The hands

29、of the gold watch were made of small diamonds. 由此可知關(guān)系代詞應(yīng)用 which 。4. 定語從句中的主謂一致 . 關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語時，從句的謂語動詞要與先行詞保持一致。I, who am your friend, will leave for Beijing tomorrow. .which 和 as 指代一個句子時，從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)。Mary is often late for class , which makes our teacher very unhappy. .當(dāng)先行詞被the only/ the very/the exac

30、t one of修飾時，從句謂語動詞用單數(shù)，若僅有one of 修飾時則從句的謂語動詞用復(fù)數(shù)形式。He is one of the students who want to be a doctor in the future.He is the only one of the students who wants to be a doctor in the future.5. “介詞 +關(guān)系詞 ”的用法 .若介詞放在關(guān)系代詞前，關(guān)系代詞指人時用whom ，不可用 who 或者 that；指物時用which,不能用 that；關(guān)系代詞是所有格時用whose .含有介詞的動詞短語一般不拆開使用，如

31、：look for, look after, take care of等第 5頁This is the watch which/that I am looking for.(T)This is the watch for which I am looking.(F) . “介 +關(guān)系代 ”前可有 some, any, none, both, all, neither, most, each, few 等代 或者數(shù) He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.In the basket there are quit

32、e many apples, some of which have gone bad.There are forty students in our class in all, most of whom are from big cities. . 把握 “介 關(guān)系代 ” 構(gòu)中介 的 用（ 可用一次性 方法和代入法）關(guān)系代 前面的介 使用 根據(jù)與名 前面的 搭配關(guān)系和介 的搭配關(guān)系及句子 構(gòu)上的需要而定That s the reasonfor_ which he was late for school.(for the reason)This is the book _which I spen

33、t 8 Yuan.His glasses, _which he was like a blind man, fell to the ground and broke. (由句意決定 ) 學(xué) 用：1. Wind power is an ancient source of energy _ we may return in the near future.A. on whichB. by which C. to whichD. from which答案： C解析：本 考 定 從句。句意“ 力是一種古老的能源，不久的將來我 可以恢復(fù)使用 種能源”，“return to”意 “恢復(fù)以前的活 或情況”，

34、故 C。2. Eric received training in computer for one year， _ he found a job in a big company.A.after that B.after which C.after it D.after this答案B解析此 “介 +關(guān)系代 ”引 非限制性定 從句，which 指代整個主句的內(nèi)容3. He was educated at the local high school ， _ he went on to Beijing University.A.after which B.after that C.in which

35、 D.in that答案A解析after which 為 “介 +關(guān)系代 ” 構(gòu)，引 非限制性定 從句，which 指代整個主句的內(nèi)容?？键c二：關(guān)系副詞的用法1.關(guān)系副詞 when, where, why 和介詞 +which 之間的關(guān)系當(dāng)先行 在定 從句中作狀 ，要用關(guān)系副 。關(guān)系副 when, where, why 可以用適當(dāng)?shù)慕?+which 來替代。介 的位置非常靈活，有 放在關(guān)系代 之前，有 放在 之后。 .when=表示 的介 （如：in, at, during ） +which .where=表示地點的介 （如：in, at, on, under ） +which .why= 表

36、示地點的介 （如：for） +whichI still remember the day when I first came to Beijing.(when =on which on the date)This is the room where I lived. = This is the room which I lived in.(where =in which in the room)Do you know the reason why he is absent? (why=for which for the reason)2. 補(bǔ)充說明介 +關(guān)系代 （ which ）=where/

37、 when/why 。 有 表達(dá)清楚， 可以在關(guān)系副 where/when 前加介 from,to 等。China is the birth place of kites, from where kite flying spread to Japan, Thailand and India.3. 高考對關(guān)系副詞 where 的考查高考 中 于where 的考 于復(fù) ，從先行 由“明 的地點” “地點的模糊化，抽象的地點”。事 上， 于where 個 ，考生不能只理解 表示地點。當(dāng)先行 表示某人/某物的 境，或某事 展的 段，或表達(dá)某事的某個方面 都可用 where 個關(guān)系副 。 例如：occa

38、sion（特殊的 合） , situation（形 ，情況）,point等。第 6頁The accident had reached to a point where both their parents are to be called in.事情發(fā)展到如此程度，不得不請雙方家長來一趟了。注：這種用法不僅僅限于定語從句，特殊疑問句中的where，名詞性從句中的where 都有這種用法。Where will all this trouble lead?這件麻煩事會惹出什么結(jié)果？That is where you are mistaken.這就是你的錯誤所在?，F(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：1. The villag

39、e has developed a lot _we learned farming two years ago.A.when B.which C.that D.where答案D解析本題考查定語從句，且本句為分隔性定語從句。定語從句的先行詞為the village ，從句中缺少地點狀語，故用 where 引導(dǎo)。2. Those successful deaf dancers think that dancing is an activity _ sight matters more than hearing.A. when B. whose C. which D. where答案： D解析：句意

40、 “那些成功的聾啞舞蹈家任務(wù)舞蹈是一項視力比聽力更重要的活動”。先行詞是an activity ，代入定語從句后為： Sight matters more than hearing in the activity. 由此可知先行詞在定語從句中與介詞in 一起作狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞，而本句中的activity 可表示 “地點的模糊化 ”，故選 D 。考點三：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞的比較引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系代詞既關(guān)系副詞除了起連接先行詞和從句的作用外，它們還有一個最重要的作用，那就是它們在定語從句中充當(dāng)成分。具體地說，關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作主語、賓語或表語，而關(guān)系副詞在定語從句做狀語。因此，在選擇引導(dǎo)詞時

41、，最重要的是分析一下定語從句中的成分，若從句中缺主語、賓語或表語，那么必須用關(guān)系副詞。 （解題思路）試比較下面的句子：a)Do you still remember the days that/which we spent in Qingdao?你還記得我們一起在青島度過的日子嗎？b)Do you still remember the days when we spent the summer holidays in Qingdao?你還記得我們在青島過暑假的日子嗎？分析：在句a)中，定語從句中缺少賓語，因此須用關(guān)系代詞which/that來引導(dǎo)從句，而在b)句中，定語從句中不缺主語，也不缺賓

42、語，因此須用關(guān)系副詞when 來引導(dǎo)從句。現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：Ill never forget the days _ I learned hard in my senior high school, _ changed my whole life.A that; which B when; whichC which; when D that; that【答案】 B考點四：定語從句與其他句式的比較The reason why he didn tcome was unknown.（定語從句）The reason that he gave was not right. （定語從句）The reason why

43、 he didn tcome was that he was ill.（）She did all she could to help him.（）She did what she could to help him.（）第 7頁She is not the girl she used to be. （）She is not what she used to be. （）總結(jié)：由以上例句可以看出，分清定語從句與其他復(fù)合句的關(guān)鍵是要掌握先行詞及其后的關(guān)系詞，要看其是否在從句中作成分（關(guān)系代詞） ，是否有意義（關(guān)系副詞） ?，F(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：There is much chance_ Bill will r

44、ecover from his injury in time for the race.A.that B.which C.until D.if答案A解析that 引導(dǎo)同位語從句，在從句中無意義，也不作句子成分；which 引導(dǎo)定語從句應(yīng)作句子成分，引導(dǎo)名詞性從句表示 “哪一個 ”；用 until 意義不通，用if 則應(yīng)為 if Bill recovers from.?？键c五：定語從句其他用法要點注意 way 和 time 后接定語從句的情況.當(dāng)先行詞是way 意為“方式，方法”時，引導(dǎo)定語從句的關(guān)系詞有下列三種形式。What surprised me was not what he said

45、but the wayin whichthat he said it.注意下面兩個句子中關(guān)系詞的不同，試比較：thatThe waywhichhehe explained to us was quite simple不填.他向我們解釋的那種方式很簡單。thatThe waywhich不填hhe explained the sentence to us was not difficult to understand.他向我們解釋句子的那種方法不難理解that.先行詞是不time填 時，若 time 作“次數(shù)” 講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞that 引導(dǎo)定語從句， that 可以省略； 若 time作“一段

46、時間”講時，應(yīng)用關(guān)系副詞when 或 介詞 at/in/during + which引導(dǎo)定語從句。This is the second time (that) the president has visited the country.I could hardly remember how many times (that)I ve failed.There was a time when/during which there were no radios, no telephones or no TV sets.現(xiàn)學(xué)現(xiàn)用：The lazy boy is expecting a way _ h

47、e can get through the exams without hard work.A. that B. in that C. which D. where答案： A考查定語從句的先行詞。此處a way 作先行詞，用in which/that/which 。Can you tell me the way _ I can improve my English?A. in which B. which C. by which D. at which答案A課堂練習(xí)：1. In an hour, we can travel to places _ would have taken our an

48、cestors days to reach.A. whereB. whenC. whichD. what解析：本題考查定語從句。句意“我們能用一個小時就到達(dá)我們的祖先要用幾天時間才能到達(dá)的地方”，先行詞places 在定語從句中既是主語，又是不定式短語to reach 的賓語，應(yīng)該是關(guān)系代詞，故選C。2. His movie won several awards at the film festival, _ was beyond his wildest dream. A. which B. that C. where D. it第 8頁解析：本題考查定語從句。句意“他的電影在電影節(jié)里贏得好幾

49、個獎項，這出乎了他的意料”，關(guān)系代詞which在從句中作主語，指代整個前半句的意思，故選A。3. We went through a period _ communications were very difficult in the rural areas.A. whichB. whoseC. in whichD. with which解析：本題考查定語從句。句意“我們曾經(jīng)歷過這樣的時期，那是通信在農(nóng)村非常困難”，應(yīng)該選擇in which 作為定語從句的連接詞，因此先行詞period 在從句中做時間狀語用，故選C。4. The settlement is home to nearly 1,0

50、00 people, many of _ left their village homes for a better life in the city. A. whom B. which C. them D. those解析：句意 “近千人在這一小社區(qū)居住，他們當(dāng)中很多都是從農(nóng)村老家來城市尋求更好的日子的”。本題考查定語從句。先行詞為 1,000 people，代入定語從句后為： many of the 1,000 people left their village homes for a better life in the city ，關(guān)系代詞在從句中作介詞 of 的賓語且指人，故用 wh

51、om 。5. It s helpful to put children in a situation _ they can see themselves differently. A. that B. when C. which D. where解析：句意 “把孩子放在一個能使他們從另外一個角度認(rèn)識自己的環(huán)境中對他們有益”。先行詞是situation ，代入定語從句后為：They can see themselves differently in the situation. 由此可見，先行詞在定語從句中作狀語，故用關(guān)系副詞，而when 表 “時間 ”，不符合本題要求，只有where 符合本題

52、要求。當(dāng)先行詞是situation ， point， case 等，且先行詞在定語從句中作狀語時，常用關(guān)系副詞where 引導(dǎo)定語從句。6. The factory was built in a secret place, around _ high mountains.A. which wasB. it wasC. which wereD. them were【陷阱】 容易誤選 A 或 B ，將 A 、 B 中的which 和 it 誤認(rèn)為是其后句子的主語?！痉治觥?最佳答案是C，around which were high mountains是一個由 “介詞 +which”引出的非限制性定語從句，而在該從句中，主語是high mountains ， around which是表語，所以句子謂語應(yīng)用復(fù)數(shù)were，而不是用單數(shù)was。典型高考英語陷阱題目定語從句1. The factory was built in a se