英語定語從句教學的“二二九”聯(lián)動方案

1、英語定語從句又稱形容詞性從旬，相對于名詞性和副詞性從旬而言，它是最特別、ms 雜的一類從旬，也是貫穿整個屮學階段的必修英語知識要點。教冇部制定的最新義務教冇 英語課程標準（2011年版）在“語言知識分級目標”中將“定語從句”的部分內(nèi)容列為初 中階段必修的英語“語言知識”，與此同時，與初中英語課程耍求相銜接的普通高中英語 課程標準（實驗）屮將“定語從句”的全部內(nèi)容列為高屮英語必修的“語言知識”要點， 并在附錄部分的“語法項目表”小以顯著位置分類標注。因此，定語從句是小學英語教學的 重點和難點，也是該階段各級各類英語測試所關(guān)注的焦點和考點。英語定語從句的核心要點 可歸納為三個層面，即兩大特征、兩種

2、類型和九個引導詞?！皟纱筇卣鳌笔撬鼌^(qū)別于名詞性 從句和副詞性從句的獨有的外部結(jié)構(gòu)特征和內(nèi)在邏輯架構(gòu)特征；“兩種類型”是指定語從句 可分為限制性和非限制性兩類，是其明示h身功能和地位的內(nèi)在語義標簽和外在句法標込 “九個引導詞”將復雜獨特的定語從句連接詞定性化和定屋化，從而保證其內(nèi)部語法系統(tǒng)運 轉(zhuǎn)的規(guī)范化和系統(tǒng)化。把握定語從句的核心耍點，釆用“二二九”三位一體聯(lián)動教學法是突 破英語定語從句難關(guān)、夯實英語必備棊木功，進而冇效提升英語應用能力的整體方案。一、兩大特征英語定語從句除具備英語復合句中所有從句的兩大共性特征（其一，都有-引導詞且放在 從句句首；其二，都用陳述語序）之外，還貝有自己的兩大獨特個

3、性特征：1顯著的外形結(jié)構(gòu)特征定語從句具有區(qū)別于其它從句的外形結(jié)構(gòu)，即“先行訶（被修飾的名詞或代詞）+引導 詞+從句的其他部分”。如：he who doesn' t reach the great wall is not a true man./life is a game that we have to play and english is a language that we have to learn 在以上兩例中,"he”、 “game”和"language"分別是“who”和“that”引導的定語從句所限定的先行詞。2. 多維的引導詞功能特征定語

4、從句引導詞都具有“三重身份”，即連接主句和從句、代替先行詞、在從句屮作相 應成分（主、賓、表、定、狀語等）。如:a smile is a curve that sets everything straight./the struggle where you' re today is developing the strength that you need for tomorrow./l live in an office whose win dow faces no rthwest./mr. wang is no ion ger the man that he used to be.

5、 在以上四例 中，“that” “where” “that” “whose” “that”等五個引導詞均擁有“三重身份”，分別在定 語從句屮作主語、狀語、賓語、定語和表語。此處需要說明的是，雖然同位語從句也具備定 語從句的外形結(jié)構(gòu)特征，但其引導詞卻不具備''三重身份"。如：the fact that he had joined the american nationality surprised everybody./the fact that i knew is a top secret.以一上兩例中的從 句外部結(jié)構(gòu)很相似，但同位語從句中的“that”只有連接主句和

6、從句的“單一身份”。二、兩種類型英語定語從句按其在句中的性質(zhì)和功能分為限制性和非限制性兩種類型。兩者的差異主 要體現(xiàn)在以下五個方面：1語義差別限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系密切，是必需的限定成分，語義必不可少，若被省略，則 句意不完整或無意義；非限制性定語從句與先行詞關(guān)系較離散，多為補充成分，語義可有可 無，若被省略，句意不受影響。2. 形式差別限制性定語從句不能用逗號隔開，而非限制性定語從句需用逗號隔開。/(ii： i was the only pers on in our city who was in vited to atte nd the in ternational con fere

7、nce./terry' s father, who is over seventy, still works day and night.3. 功能差別限制性定語從句只能修飾先行詞，而非限制性定語從句既可修飾先行詞也可修飾整個主 句。女ii： the letter, which i received the other day, is from mr. hunter./jim made the same mistake again, which made his boss very angry.4 .中文譯文差別限制性定語從句和非限制性定語從句屮文譯文之間存在差別，這源于兩者的功能差別

8、。 限制性定語從句在翻譯成中文時一般要譯為先行詞的定語，而非限制性定語從句既可譯為先 行訶的定語也可譯為與主句并列的分句。因此，上一段兩個非限制性定語從句在翻譯成中文 時可分別譯為：而兒天我收到的那封信是漢特先生寄的；吉米乂犯了和同的錯誤，這讓老板 很惱火。5.引導詞差別限制性定語從句可以使用所有的引導詞，在從句中作賓語時可以省略，而非限制性定語 從句不能使用“that”引導詞，其他引導詞在從句中作賓語時也不能省略。女u： the academic paper (that/which) i wrote with great efforts has been published in an ex

9、cellent journal./the academic paper, which i wrote three mon ths ago, has bee n published.三、九個引導詞英語定語從句的引導詞涵蓋關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞兩種，用法和屬性都比較復雜，但它們 在數(shù)量上是有限的，在功能上是明確的。其中關(guān)系代詞共六個，即that, which, who, whom, whose, as；關(guān)系副詞共三個，即when, where, why。九個引導詞的基木功能和特殊用 法如下：1 九個引導詞的基本功能(1)that在代替先行詞時既可指人又可指物，在從句屮作主語或賓語，作賓語時可省 略。如

10、i： the boy that/who is standing near the door is my son./the boy (that/whom) you saw just now is my nephew./this is the bike (that/which) i lost two years ago./math is a subject that/which deals with numbers. (2) which在代替先行詞時只能指物,在從句中作主語或賓 語，作賓語時可省略(見上例)；which在引導非限制性定語從句時，可代替整個主句，如jim made the same

11、mistake again, which made his boss very angry. (3) who 只能指人， 在從 句中作主語。如:she is the girl who/that sings best in her school. (4) whom 只能指人,在從 句中作賓語，可省略。如：the comrade (whom/that) i came with can speak eight foreign languageso (5) whose既可指人又可指物,在從句中作定語。如:i was born in a mountainous village whose tea is

12、well known to china./this is the boy whose parents died when he was quite young. (6) whe n限定的先行詞與時間有關(guān),在從句中作時間狀語。如：i' ii never forget the day when (=on the day=on which) i first saw you. (7) where 限定的先行詞與地點有關(guān), 在從句中作地點狀語。如：i' ii never forget the place where (=in the place=in which) i first met

13、 you. (8) why修飾的先行詞與原因有關(guān),在定語從句中作原因狀語。如:this is the reason why (=for the reason=for which) i have been struggling. (9) as 在引導限制性定語從句時,通常 用于固定結(jié)構(gòu)(如：thesame-as, suchas,as-as等),在從句中作主語或賓語。 如：i want the same shirt as yours.我想要件跟你的一樣的襯衫；such machines as were bought in our workshop are made in germany.此時,我們

14、應注意 “the same.as”與"the samethat”在語義上的區(qū)別,前者指“同一類”,后者指“同一個”。如：this is the same book as i bought last time./this is the same book that i bought last time.此外,as 在引導非限制 性定語從句時,可代替整個主句。如:as i expected, he got the first place again in the final examinati on.2.九個引導詞的特殊川法(1)只用that而不用which的情況。雖然that和whic

15、h在代替先行詞時都能指物,在 從句中都可作主語或賓語，作賓語吋都可省略，但以下情況只用that引導：第一，先行詞 是不定代詞時，如 all, none, one, any, few, little, much, everything, something, anything, no thing 等。女 ii： there is nothi ng that can preve nt him from doing it./everything (that) i do, i do it for you./aii that glitters is not gold./lf you want somet

16、hing (that) you have never had, you must be willing to do something (that) you have never done.第二，先行詞被最 高級或序數(shù)詞修飾時。如：the first place that they visited in guilin was elephant trunk hill./this is the best film that i have ever seen.笫三，先行詞彼 the only, the very, the last 等類似授 高級或序數(shù)詞的詞修飾時o 如:mr. smith is t

17、he only foreigner that he knows./you are the very person that i' ve been looking for these years.第四，先行詞既有人又有物時。如：in the date-back tour, we reviewed the persons and things (that) we experieneed 20 years ago.(2)只用which而不用that的情況。第_,在引導非限制性定語從句時,只用which (見 上文)。第二,當介詞與引導詞連用,即用于“介詞+關(guān)系代詞”結(jié)構(gòu)時。如：this is

18、 the room in which my father lived for 60 years. (3) which與as引導非限制性定語從句時的區(qū)別。兩者 都可引導非限制性定語從句，且都可以代替整個主句，但也有下述主要區(qū)別：第一，語義之 別。as引導的從句與主句語義一致，不用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)(因為as冇“如同、正如”含義)。 which引導的從句語義屮性或與主句語義相反,可用于否定結(jié)構(gòu)。如：he made a long speech, as we expected./he made a long speech, which was unexpected/which was not expected

19、./the sun heats the earth, which is very imports nt to us all./tom drinks a lot every day, which his wifedoesn, t like at all.第二，位置之別：as從句位置可前可后,而which從句只能置于主 句z后。女d： as is known to all, smoking is harmful to one' s health.= smoking is harmful to one' s health, as is known to all. (4)由“介詞+關(guān)系

20、代詞"引出的定語從句問題。當關(guān)系代詞 which (指物)和whom (指人)在定語從句中作介詞的賓語時，這個介詞可留在從句中原 來的位置(此時which可用that代替，whom可用who或that代替，在從句中作賓語時可 省略)，也可移至關(guān)系代詞之前(此時不能用that代替,也不可省略)。如:is this the book (which/that) you paid for 6 dollars? =ls this the book for which you paid 6 dollars? / in the dark street, there wasn" t a s

21、ingle person (whom/who/that) she could turn to for help.=ln the dark street, there wasn t a single person to whom she could turnfor help(5) 關(guān)系副詞 引出的定語從彳|j問題。第一，在when, where和why引導的定語從彳】j屮，三個關(guān)系副詞一 般都可變成"介詞+which的形式，即 when=on/in which, where=in/at which, why=for whicho 第二，有吋定語從句的先行詞雖然表吋間、地點或原因，但從句

22、句法結(jié)構(gòu)不缺狀語、只缺主 語或賓語，此時從句引導詞不能用when, where或why,而要用that或which。如：i' ii never forget the time (that/which) we spent together 30 years ago./hangzhou is an attractive place that/which has a beautiful tourist resort named the west lake./the reason(that/which) he gave is unbelievable.第三，某些表時間的名詞(the time/

23、every time/each time/the moment 等)、 表地點的名詞(the place)表原因的名詞(the reason)或表方式的名詞(the way)后的關(guān) 系副詞(從句引導詞)可省略。如:by the time (when) he was 13 years old, he had learned advaneed mathematics by himself./this is the place (where) i stayed for my first 20 years./that' s the reason (why) he paid frequent v

24、isits to you./this is the way (how/in which) they have treated us in the past 10 yearsenglish attributive clause is also called the adjective clause, relative to the nominal and adverbial clauses, it is the most special, the most complex kind of clause, and throughout the entire high school required

25、 english knowledge points. latest formulated by ministry of education of compulsory education english curriculum standards (2011 edition) hin the11 target language knowledge class訐ication ", hattributive clause11 as part of a required english ianguage knowledge "junior middle school stage,

26、 at the same time, links up with junior middle school english curriculum requirements of" the ordinary high school english curriculum standard (experiment) "will be11 attributive clause "in the entire contents of the required as a high school english ian guage kno wledge points, and i

27、n the" table of project hof the appendix part by promine nt annotations. therefore, attributive clause is the emphasis and difficulty in middle school english teachi ng, also is the stage at various levels and the focus of en glish test and exami nation. the main points of the english attributi

28、ve clauses can be divided into three levels, namely two big characteristics, the two types and nine guide words. mtwo big features ofh is it d iff ere nt from the noun clause and adverbial clause unique exter nal structure characteristics and inhere nt logic of architecture characteristic; "two

29、 kinds11 is the specified language clause can be divided into two categories, restrictive and non-restrictive, express itself is its function and status of inner semantic labels and external syntactic markers; "nine guide word'1 connect the attributive clause complex unique word qualitative

30、 and quantitative, to ensure the standardization and systematizati on of the in ter nal grammar system work grasp the main points of the attributive clause, use the “229" is a breakthrough trinity lin kage teachi ng en glish attributive clause difficulties, strengthen the english basic skills n

31、ecessary, thus effectively enhance the overall scheme of the english application ability.one or two big characteristicsen glish attributive clause is divided have comm on features of all the clauses in the complex sentence two (one of, have guided words and put in from the first word; second, the us

32、e statement sequenee), the two also has its own unique personality traits:1. the shape of the structure sign訐icantlyattributive clause is different from other clauses shape structure, namely hantecedent (mod訐ied nouns or pronouns) + lead the rest of the word + clause11. such as: he who doesn't r

33、each the great wall is not a true man. / life is a game that we have to play and english is a ianguage that we have to learn. in both cases, 'ame" and hlanguagyjwho" and "that11 limit imposed by the attributive clause of the antecedents.2. the multidimensional guide word featureat

34、tributive clause guide word has a “triple identity蔦 which connects the main clause and subordinate clause, replace the antecedents, composition accordingly in clauses (master, penn, table, or, adverbial, etc.) such as: a smile is a curve that sets everything straight / the dictated the where you 

35、9;re today is developing the strength that you need for tomorrow / i live in an office whose win dow faces the no rthwest / mr. wa ng is no longer the ma n that he in forms the to be in more than four case, "wherezwfwhose'wthat” and so on five leading words were given htriple identity'1

36、, as the subject in the attributive clause, adverbial, object, attributive, and complement to note here is that although the appositive clause also has the appearanee of the attributive clause structure characteristics, but does not have the guide word "triple identity". such as: the fact

37、that he had joined the american nationality surprised everybody / the fact that i knew is a top secret the clauses of the above two cases of external structure is very similar, but the appositive clause "that” only connect the main clause and subordinate clause of "single status".seco

38、nd, the two typesenglish attributive clause, according to their nature and in in other functions are divided into restrictive and non-restrictive two types the differences mainly reflects in the following five aspects:1. the semantic differencesrestrictive attributive clause and the antecedent is cl

39、ose, it is the necessary limit composition, semantic is indispensable, if omitted, the sentence is incomplete or meaningless; non-restrictive attributive clause and the relation between antecedent is discrete, more for added ingredients, semantic dispensable,訐 omittect which are not affected2. the d

40、ifferenee formrestrictive attributive clause carft use commas, rather than a restrictive attributive clause need to use commas such as: i was the only person in our city who was invited to attend the in ter national con ference / terry's father, who is over seve nty, still works day and n ight 3

41、. the differenee of functionrestrictive attributive clause can only modify antecedents， rather than a restrictive attributive clause can be modified antecedent can also modify the main clause such as: the letter, which i received the other day, is from mr. hun ter. / jim made the same mistake again,

42、 which made his boss very angry.4. the chinese translationrestrictive attributive clauses and non-restrictive attributive clause there is a differenee between chinese translation, this is the result of the function of the differenee. restrictive attributive clause gen erally when tra nslated into ch

43、in ese to be translated into the an tecede nt of the attributive, rather than a restrictive attributive clause can be translated as the antecedent of the attributive can be translated into coordinate clauses with the main clause therefore, a period of two non-restrictive attributive clauses can resp

44、ectively when translated into chinese to a few days ago i received the letter that mr hun ter send; jimmy has made the same mistake again, this makes the boss very angry 5. guide word differencesrestrictive attributive clause all can use the guide words, make the object can be omitted in the clauses

45、, rather than a restrictive attributive clause guide word "that11 cannot be used, other guide words in the clauses as the object cannot be omitted. such as: the academic paper (that/which) i dem on strate with great efforts has had been published in an excelle nt jour nal. / the academic paper,

46、 which i dem on strate three up line, has had been published three, nine worden glish attributive clause guide word covers relati on ship pronouns and adverbs two kinds, usage and attributes are complex, but they are limited in number, on the function is clear. the relative pronoun, a total of six,

47、n amely that, which, who, disappeara nee, whose, as; relati on ship between the adverb, a total of three, namely the when, where, according to. the basic function of nine guide word and special usage is as follows:1. the basic function of nine guide word(1) that whe n in stead of an tecede nt can re

48、fer to objects, as well as refers to people in the clause as subject or object, make the object can be omitted. such as: the boy that/who is standing near feel is my son. / the boy (that/the disappearance of) you saw just now is my nephew / this is the bike (that/which) i lost two years line. / math

49、 is a subject that/which deals with numbers(2) which only refers to the object, when instead of antecedent in clauses as subject or object, make the object can be omitted (see above). which in guiding the restrictive attributive clause, can replace the main clause, such as jim made the same mistake

50、again, which made his boss very angry. (3) who can only refers to the people, in the clause as the subject. such as: she is the girl who/that sings best in its ehrs school. (4) the disappearanee of only refers to the people, in the clause as the object, can be omitted such as: the communists (disapp

51、earanee of/that) i came with the can speak eight foreign languages(5) whose can refer to objects, as well as refers to people in a attributive clause. such as: i was born in a mountainous village whose tea is well known to china. / this is the boy whose parents died when he was quite young. (6) the

52、when limit the antecedent is related to time, in a time adverbial clauses such as: i 'll never forget the day when (= on the day = on which) i first saw you. (7) related to the location where a limited amount of antecedents, place adverbial in clauses such as: i vll never forget the place where

53、(= in the place = in which) i first met you. (8) according to modify the antecedent is associated with reason, in the attributive clause. such as: this is the reason according to (= for a tiny = for which) i have had been struggling. (9) as guide in the restrictive attributive clause, usually used f

54、or fixed structure (such as: the same as., to. as. as. as., etc.), as a subject or object in the clause. such as: i want the same shirt as yours. i want a like your shirt; to those as were bought in our workshop are made in germany. at this point, we should pay attention to "the same. as.h and

55、nthe same. that.11 on the semantic difference, the former refers to nthe same11, which refers to hthe same" such as: this is the same book as i bought last time. / this is the same book that i bought last time in addition, as in guiding the restrictive attributive clause, can replace the main c

56、lause. for example, as i expected, he got the first place agai n in the final exami nation.2. the special usages of nine guide word(1) only use that in stead of which although that and which can refer to objects, when in stead of an tecede nt in clauses can be as subject or object, make the object c

57、an be omitted, but the following circumstances that only guide: first, the antecedent is indefinite pronouns, such as all, none, one, any what, little, much, somethi ng, any thing, everythi ng, no thing, etc. such as: there is nothing that can prevent question from doing it. / everything (that) i do

58、, i do it for you. / all that glitters is not gold / if you want something (that) you have never had, you must be willing to do something (that) you have never done. second, the antecedent is decorated the highest or ordinal numbers. such as: the first place that they visited in guilin was elephant

59、trunk hill. / this is the best film that i have (seen. third, antecedent is the only, the very, similar the highest or ordinal numbers, like the last word when decorate. such as: mr. smith is the only foreigner that he knows. / you are the very person that i've had & for these years the four

60、th, the an tecede nt is when there are people and pro pert y. such as: in the date back tour, we reviewed the persons and things (that) we experieneed 20 years line. (2) which only in stead of that. first, in guidi ng the restrictive attributive clause, which only (see above). sec ond, when a preposition and a laparoscope, u