英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)法之被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)

1、學(xué)習(xí)資料收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供參考被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)一、什么是被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)？英語(yǔ)中時(shí)態(tài)很多，但語(yǔ)態(tài)不多，只有兩種，即：主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。所謂“被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)”，相當(dāng)于中文中常說(shuō)的“被”、"由”的句式，如：“他的自行車(chē)被偷了?！?，“這座樓房是由他們建造的?！倍?、動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的運(yùn)用（ 1） 不知道誰(shuí)是動(dòng)作的執(zhí)行者或沒(méi)有必要。例如：Paper is made from wood. （紙是由木材生產(chǎn)出來(lái)的。）The house is quite old. It was built in 1950. （這座房子太舊了。它是1950年建成的。）He was wounded in the fight. （他在戰(zhàn)斗在受傷了。）E

2、lectricity is used to run machines. （電是用來(lái)開(kāi)動(dòng)機(jī)器的。）（ 2） 需要強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作的對(duì)象時(shí)。例如：Calculator can't be used in the maths exam.（計(jì)算器不能用于數(shù)學(xué)考試。）Books and newspapers in the reading room mustnt be taken away. （閱覽室 的書(shū)籍和報(bào)紙不準(zhǔn)帶走。）He was awarded first prize in that contest. （他在比賽中獲得了第一。）（ 3） 了使語(yǔ)氣婉轉(zhuǎn)，避免提到是誰(shuí)做的這件事。例如：The cons

3、truction of the new lab must be completed by the end of next month.（新實(shí)驗(yàn)室必須在下個(gè)月底前完工。）三、各種時(shí)態(tài)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)舉例一般地講，被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)可用于英語(yǔ)的各種時(shí)態(tài)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的結(jié)構(gòu)為“助動(dòng)詞be+及物動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（p. p） ”。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的不同時(shí)態(tài)是通過(guò)be的時(shí)態(tài)變化來(lái)表示的，其人稱(chēng)和數(shù)方面應(yīng)與主語(yǔ)保持一致。其具體變化為：1、 一般現(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài). am / is / are +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞Our classroom is cleaned every day.This car is made in China.2、一般過(guò)

4、去式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞His desk was cleaned just now.The station was built in 1928.3、現(xiàn)在進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): am / is / are + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory is being built in our city now.Some trees are being cut down in the park.4、過(guò)去進(jìn)行時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): was / were + being + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞A new factory was being built in our

5、city at that time.Some babies were being looked after by Miss Chen last year.5、一般將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):（A） will / shall + be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞（B） am / is / are + going to be +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.Some new factories will be built in our city this year.Your watch is going to be mended in an hour.6、過(guò)去將來(lái)時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài): （1）.would / should + be +

6、 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 2）.was /were +going to be + 動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞.She said that some new factories would be built soon in our city. He thought that your watch was going to be mended after an hour.7、現(xiàn)在完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：have / has + been +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 Some new factories have been built in the city since last year. Your watch has been m

7、ended already.8、過(guò)去完成時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài):had + been +動(dòng)詞的過(guò)去分詞 He said that some new factories had been built in the city.I didn ' t know that my watch had been mdnde9、含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)式：can/may/must + be + done例如：He can not be found. / I must be paid for this.記憶歌訣：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)be字變，過(guò)去分詞跟后面。 Chinese by the largest number of peop

8、leA. speak B. is speaking C. speaks D. is spoken（選D?？疾橐话悻F(xiàn)在時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） The boy to get supper ready after schoolA. were told B. is telling C. was told D. tells（選Co考查一般過(guò)去時(shí)的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） A lot of new roads built in the west of China.A. must B. must be C. has D. have（選Bo考查含情態(tài)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 四、如何將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變成被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)1、從句子意義上說(shuō)，就是重新找出“

9、什么事物”是“被完成”的。例1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：人們說(shuō)英語(yǔ)。被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：英語(yǔ)被說(shuō)。例2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：我們?cè)爝@座橋被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：這座橋被建造People speak English in many countries.English is spoken in many countries.We built this bridge last year.This bridge was built last year.2、從語(yǔ)法的角度說(shuō)，把原句的賓語(yǔ)改成主語(yǔ)。例 1.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：小王邀請(qǐng)你（賓語(yǔ)）Xiao Liu has invited you to a lunch party.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：（賓語(yǔ)）被邀請(qǐng)。You ha

10、s been invited to a lunch party by XiaoWang.例2.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：你不準(zhǔn)帶走雜志（賓語(yǔ)）You must not take these magazines out of the reading-room.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)： 雜志（賓語(yǔ)）不準(zhǔn)被帶走.These magazines must not be taken out of the reading room.例3.主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他們授給他（賓語(yǔ)）一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢ㄙe語(yǔ)）.They gave him a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：他（賓語(yǔ)）被授予一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)?.He was given

11、a medal for his wonderful work.被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：一枚獎(jiǎng)?wù)拢ㄙe語(yǔ)）被授給了他.A medal was given to him for his wonderful work.記憶歌訣：賓變主，主變賓，by短語(yǔ)后面跟謂語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞變被動(dòng)，be后 過(guò)分”來(lái)使用 五、將主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)應(yīng)注意幾個(gè)特殊情況：1 .含雙賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，有兩種方法：將間接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，直接賓語(yǔ)保持不變；將直接賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)橹髡Z(yǔ)，間接賓語(yǔ)用介詞to或for引導(dǎo)。例如：He told us a story.（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)） 一We were told a story （by him）.或：A story

12、 was told to us by him.Her mother gave her a new pen （變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）A new pen her by her mothe r（填 was given to）2 .短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)：在變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)時(shí)，要將短語(yǔ)動(dòng)詞視為一個(gè)整體，具 后的介詞或副詞不能省去。例如： This dictionary mustn't from the library.A. take away B. taken away C. are taken away D. be taken away 皿 She will take good care of the chi

13、ldren,（變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）The children w川（by her）.（填 be taken good care of3 .含有復(fù)合賓語(yǔ)的主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)變被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)時(shí)，通常將賓語(yǔ)變?yōu)楸粍?dòng)句的主語(yǔ)，而 賓語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)就成為主語(yǔ)補(bǔ)足語(yǔ)。注意：省略 to的不定式作賓補(bǔ)時(shí)，不定式符號(hào) to必須補(bǔ)上。例如：Someone saw him swim in Qianling Lake yesterday （變被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）He swim in Qianling Lake yesterday（填 was seen to4 .不定式的被動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)：動(dòng)詞不定式的被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)為“ to be +過(guò)去分詞”。例如：The radio s

14、ays a wild animal zoo is to in our cityA. be building B. build C. be built D. built©5.以疑問(wèn)代詞開(kāi)頭的疑問(wèn)句轉(zhuǎn)換成被動(dòng)句時(shí)要注意詞序：應(yīng)將主動(dòng)句中的疑問(wèn) 代詞改為介詞by的賓語(yǔ)，但仍然放在句子開(kāi)頭。例如：Who has broken the cup （改為被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）- By whom has the cup been broke n 六、被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)和過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)的區(qū)別：1）含義不同：被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)強(qiáng)調(diào)動(dòng)作，重點(diǎn)說(shuō)明動(dòng)作由誰(shuí)完成、怎樣完成；而過(guò)去 分詞作表語(yǔ)通常用來(lái)描寫(xiě)情景，敘述人或事物的特征及所處的狀態(tài)。

15、試比較：The window is broken.窗子破了。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）The window is broken by him.窗子被他打破了。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）2）用法不同：過(guò)去分詞作表語(yǔ)時(shí)可以被so, very, too等程度副詞修飾，而被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)貝不能用 so, very, too 修飾，而需用 much, very much, so much, too much 修飾。試比較：He was very interested in science他對(duì)科學(xué)有極大興趣。（系表結(jié)構(gòu)）I was so much surprised at the scene that I didn't know w

16、hat to do 我被那種場(chǎng)面搞 得大吃一驚，不知所措。（被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)）Your coat looks nice. Is it cotton?Yes. It's ShanghaiA. made of; made byB. made of; made in學(xué)習(xí)資料學(xué)習(xí)資料收集于網(wǎng)絡(luò)，僅供參考C made for； made by D made for； made in B This machine is used the room wetA for keeping B as keepingC keep D to keeping A 據(jù)說(shuō)在南京長(zhǎng)江上又在建一座橋。 that is being

17、 over the ChangjiangRiver in Nanjing (填 It is said； another bridge； built )七、主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表被動(dòng)意義的情況(1)open,lock,write,read,sell,wash,cut,burn,driv備詞作不及物動(dòng)詞時(shí)，它們的主語(yǔ)為物 ,可以用主動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)表被動(dòng)意義。如 :Mo Yan's novels sell well. 莫言的小說(shuō)很好賣(mài)( 銷(xiāo)路好)。(2)表示感覺(jué)的連系動(dòng)詞如feel,look,smell,sound,taste等后跟表語(yǔ)時(shí)，總是用其主動(dòng)結(jié)構(gòu)表達(dá)被動(dòng)意義,它們不能用于被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。如:The table feels smooth這張桌子摸起來(lái)很光滑。在be worth doing中,doing表被動(dòng)意義。The book is well worth reading.這本書(shū)彳艮值得一讀。(4)want/need/require+doing相當(dāng)于 want/need/ require +to be done 如：The library needs cleaning.=The library needs to be cleaned圖書(shū)館需要打掃了。八、不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)的情況(1) 當(dāng)謂語(yǔ)是表示狀態(tài)或特征的及物動(dòng)詞時(shí),不用被動(dòng)語(yǔ)態(tài)。這樣的及物動(dòng)詞有have,become,