大學(xué)英語精讀第冊課文全文翻譯中英對照

1、大學(xué)英語精讀第 6 冊全文課文翻譯第六冊RESEARCH REPORTS FOR BUSINESS AND THECNICAL WRITINGA surprising amount of one's time as a student and professional is spent reporting the results of one's research projects for presentation to teachers, managers, and clients. Indeed, without basic research skills and the

2、ability to present research results clearly and completely, an individual will encounter many obstacles in school and on the job. The need for some research-writing ability is felt nearly equally by college students in all fields, engineering and science as well as business and the humanities. Gradu

3、ate study often makes great demands on the student's research-writing skills, and most professions continue the demand; education, advertising and marketing, economics and accounting, science and engineering, psychology, anthropology, the arts, and agriculture may all require regular reporting o

4、f research data.ELEMENTS OF THE RESEARCH PAPER The standard research report, regardless of the field or the intended reader, contains four major sections. These sections may be broken down into a variety of subsections, and they may be arranged in a variety of ways, but they regularly make up the co

5、re of the report.Problem Section. The first required section of a research report is the statement of the problem with which the research project is concerned. This section requires a precise statement of the underlying question which the researcher has set out to answer. In this same section there

6、should be an explanation of the significance - social, economic, medical, psychological, educational, etc. - of the question; in other words, why the investigation was worth conducting. Thus, if we set out, for example, to answer the question "What is the effect of regular consumption of fast f

7、oods on the health of the American teenager?" we must explain that the question is thought to have significant relevance to the health of this segment of the population and might lead to some sort of商務(wù)、技術(shù)研究報告的寫作作為學(xué)生和專業(yè)人員，他們花了大量時 間將自己的研究項目的結(jié)果報告給老師，經(jīng) 理和委托人。的確，一個人如果沒有從事研 究工作的基本技能和將研究成果清楚而完 整地表達的能力

8、，那么他就會在學(xué)習(xí)和工作 中碰到許多障礙?？蒲袑懽髂芰Φ男枰獙τ?在各個領(lǐng)域的學(xué)生都是相等的，無論理工科 學(xué)生還是商務(wù)、人文學(xué)科的學(xué)生都是這樣研 究生階段的學(xué)習(xí)對學(xué)生的科研寫作提出了 很高的要求，而且大多數(shù)職業(yè)繼續(xù)要求這 樣：教育（學(xué)）、廣告與市場營銷、經(jīng)濟學(xué) 與會計學(xué)，理工科、心理學(xué)、人類學(xué)、藝術(shù) 以及農(nóng)藝可能都要定期報告研究的信息。研究報告的要素標(biāo)準(zhǔn)的研究報告，不論是哪個領(lǐng)域或針對哪 類讀者，都有四個主要部分。這些大的部分 可以分成許多小的部分，而且結(jié)構(gòu)安排可以 多種多樣，但是報告的核心通常由這四大部 分組成的。問題部分。研究報告的首要部分就是陳述研 究項目所涉及的問題。這一部分要求準(zhǔn)確闡

9、 述研究者要問答的根本問題。在這同一個部 分里應(yīng)該從社會、經(jīng)濟，醫(yī)學(xué)、心理、教育 方面來解釋問題的意義：換言之，為什么值 得進行這項研究。這樣，舉例來說，如果我 們開始回答經(jīng)常食用快餐食品對美國青少 年有什么影響？ "那么我們就必須解釋，此 問題認(rèn)為同這部分的人口有著非常密切的 關(guān)系，可能導(dǎo)致對此類食品作出某種規(guī)定。 問題這一部分通常有一個小部分對該課題 過去的研究民情況進行回顧。這可能包括對 這個問題以前的研究者作出的貢獻進行總 結(jié)以及對這些貢獻作出某種評價。這一小部 regulations on such foods.A frequent subsection of this p

10、roblem section is a review of past research on the topic being investigated. This would consist of summaries of the contributions of previous researcher to the question under consideration with some assessment of the value of these contributions. This subsection has rhetorical usefulness in that it

11、enhances the credibility of the researcher by indicating that the data presented is based on a thorough knowledge of what has been done in the field and, possibly, grows out of some investigative tradition.Procedures Section. The second major section of the research report details, with as much data

12、 as possible, exactly how the study was carried out. This section includes description of any necessary equipment, how the subjects were selected if subjects were used, what statistical technique was used to evaluate the significance of the findings, how many observations were made and when, etc. An

13、 investigation of the relative effectiveness of various swim-strokes would have to detail the number of swimmers tested, the nature of the tests conducted, the experience of the swimmers, the weather conditions at the time of the test, and any other factors that contributed to the overall experiment

14、. The goal of the procedures section is to allow the reader to duplicate the experiment if such were desired to confirm, or refute, your findings.Results Section. The third, and perhaps most important, section of the research report is the presentation of the results obtained from the investigation.

15、 The basic rule in this section is to give all data relevant to the research question initially asked. Although, of course, one's natural tendency might be to suppress any findings which do not in some way support one's hypothesis, such dishonesty is antithetical to good research reporting i

16、n any field. If the experiments undertaken fail to prove anything, if the data was inadequate or contrary to expectations, the report should be honestly written and as complete as possible, just as it would be if the hypothesis were totally proven by the research.Discussion Section. The final requir

17、ed section of a research report is a discussion of the results obtained and a statement of any conclusions which 分具有修辭作用，因為它顯示了所提供的資 料是在對本領(lǐng)域所取得的成果透徹理解的 基礎(chǔ)上取得的，因而它提高了對研究者的可 信度。并且很可能是從某種調(diào)查研究中得出 來的。過程部分。研究報告的第二大部分準(zhǔn)確闡述 了，用盡可能多的資料，研究是如何進行的。 這部分包括說明所需要的設(shè)備，實驗對象是 怎樣選擇的，如果使用了的話，用什么統(tǒng)計 方法來評價實驗成果的意義，進行了多少次 觀察以及

18、什么時候進行的等。如果要對不同 泳姿的相應(yīng)效果進行研究的話，那么就要詳 細說明參加測試的人數(shù)，進行測試的性質(zhì)， 游泳者的經(jīng)歷，進行測試的天氣條件，以及 對整個實驗有影響的其它因素。過程部分的 目的是讓讀者能模擬實驗，如果他愿意這么 樣來證實或駁斥你的結(jié)果的話。結(jié)果部分。研究報告的第三，也許是最重要 的部分是展示從研究中獲得的結(jié)果。這部分 的基本原則就是對最初提出的問題提供一 切有關(guān)的資料。當(dāng)然，雖然人的自然傾向可 能是對任何在某方面與自己的假設(shè)不符的 結(jié)果進行隱瞞，可是這種不誠實與任何領(lǐng)域 優(yōu)秀的研究報告是相背的。如果所進行的實 驗不能證實什么，如果資料不充分或與期望 相反，那么研究報告就應(yīng)該

19、如實而且盡可能 完整地寫下來，就象假設(shè)被研究證實了的那 樣把它寫下來。討論部分。研究報告的最后一個必要部分就 是討論所獲得的結(jié)果，闡述從那些結(jié)果中得 出的任何結(jié)論。在商務(wù)和技術(shù)的研究報告 中，人們主要關(guān)注是結(jié)果的可靠性，這也是 公司決策的依據(jù)；我們策劃的項目符合聯(lián)邦 環(huán)境政策嗎？會得到批準(zhǔn)進行嗎？這個新項目會吸引技術(shù)人材到我們公司來嗎？從 金融方面看，這項石油回收新技術(shù)可行嗎？may be drawn from those results. Of primary interest in business and technical research reports is the validit

20、y of the results as the bases for company decisions: W川 our planned construction project meet federal environmental guidelines and be approved for building? Will this new program attract skilled personnel to our company? Will this new oil recovery technique be financially feasible? Thus, the discuss

21、ion section of the research report must evaluate the research results fully: were they validly obtained, are they complete or limited, are they applicable over a wide range of circumstances? The discussion section should also point out what question remain unanswered and perhaps suggest directions f

22、or further research.STYLE OF RESEARCH REPORTS Research reports are considered formal professional communication. As such, there is little emphasis on a lively style, although, of course, there is no objection to writing that is pleasing and interesting. The primary goals of professional communicatio

23、n are accuracy, clarity, and completeness. The rough draft of any research report should be edited to ensure that all data is correctly presented, that all equipment is listed, that all results are properly detailed. As an aid to the reader, headings indicating at least the major section of the repo

24、rt should be used, and all data should be presented under the proper headings. In addition to their function of suggesting to the reader the contents of each section, headings enhance the formal appearance and professional quality of the report, increase to some degree the writer's credibility b

25、y reflecting a logical and methodical approach to the reporting process, and eliminate the need for wordy transitional devices between sections.Research data should be presented in a way that places proper emphasis on major aspect of the project. For different readers different aspects will take on

26、different degrees of importance, and some consideration should be given to structuring research reports differently for different audiences. Management, for example, will be most concerned with the results of a research project, and thus the results section should be emphasized, probably by presenti

27、ng it immediately after the problem section and before the procedures section. Other 這樣，研究報告的討論必須全面評價研究成 果：它們獲得是否真實？它們是完整的還是 有局限性？它們的應(yīng)用范圍很大嗎？討論 部分也應(yīng)該指出哪些問題仍然沒有找到答 案，也許對進一步研究提出一些建議。研究報告的文體人們認(rèn)為研究報告是屬于正規(guī)的專業(yè)交流。 據(jù)此，并不強調(diào)用活潑文體，當(dāng)然也不反對 文章寫得生動有趣。專業(yè)交流的主要目的是 準(zhǔn)確、明晰，完整。校訂任何研究報告初稿 都應(yīng)保證所有資料正確提供，所有設(shè)備列 出，所有結(jié)果恰當(dāng)詳述。為方便

28、讀者，應(yīng)該 使用標(biāo)題，至少標(biāo)明報告的主要部分，而所 有資料都應(yīng)當(dāng)在恰當(dāng)?shù)臉?biāo)題下陳述。標(biāo)題除 了有向讀者提示每部分內(nèi)容的功能外，它還 提高了報告的規(guī)范性和學(xué)術(shù)質(zhì)量，同時報告 是按邏輯、有條理地寫出來的，因此在某種 程度上增加了作者的可信度，消除了報告各 部分之間冗長的承上啟下的詞語。應(yīng)該用一種恰當(dāng)強調(diào)項目主要方面的方式 陳述研究資料。對于不同的讀者來說，不同 的方面具有不同的重要性。應(yīng)該考慮到報告 的結(jié)構(gòu)因不同的讀者而有所不同。例如：資 方對研究項目的結(jié)果最為關(guān)心，所以這部分 應(yīng)該加以強調(diào)。在問題部分之后和過程部分 之前有可能立即出現(xiàn)。其他的研究人員對過 程部分尤為感興趣，所以在把研究項目整理

29、成文用于在專業(yè)刊物發(fā)表或在專業(yè)會議上 宣讀時，這一部分應(yīng)該著重突出。對于非專 業(yè)讀者和聯(lián)邦機構(gòu)來說，首要考慮的是研究 結(jié)果的含意，對于這部分讀者來說，應(yīng)該強 調(diào)討論部分。另外為了明晰、強調(diào)，主要成果不僅應(yīng)該用 書面文字而且還應(yīng)該用表格，圖表，圖解， 簡圖等直觀形式來表述。除了檢查研究報告是否在技術(shù)資料方面表 researchers would be most interested in the procedures section, and this should be highlighted in writing up research projects for publication in

30、 professional journals or for presentation at professional conferences. For non-technical readers and federal agencies, the implications of the results might be the most important consideration, and emphasis should be placed on the discussion of the report for this readership. For additional clarity

31、 and emphasis, major results should be presented in a visual format - tables, charts, graphs, diagrams - as well as in a verbal one.Beyond checking the report for clarity and accuracy in the presentation of technical data, the author of a research report should review for basic grammatical and mecha

32、nical accuracy. Short sentences are preferable to long in the presentation of complex information. Listings should be used to break up long passages of prose and to emphasize information. The research writer should try to use the simplest possible language without sacrificing the professional qualit

33、y of the report. Although specialized terms can be used, pretentious jargon should be avoided. A finished research report should be readable and useful document prepared with the reader in mind.CONCLUSIONAlthough we struggle with research reports in high school, dread them in college, and are often

34、burdened by them in our professional live, learning to live comfortably with them is a relatively easy task. A positive attitude (i.e. one that seem the oral or written presentation of research results as of equal importance to the data-gathering process); an orderly approach which includes prewriti

35、ng (i.e., before any actual research is done, the researcher should try to get down on paper as much about the subject under investigation as possible) and a formal research report structure as the framework for the investigation; and a reasonable approach to the actual writing process including edi

36、ting for accuracy and clarity, will help one to produce effective research reports efficiently.THE BEGINNING OF A CARREERDear Mothe 達清楚、準(zhǔn)確外，作者還應(yīng)該檢查基本語法 和打印方面是否準(zhǔn)確。在陳述復(fù)雜信息時最 好使用短句。應(yīng)該使用列舉方法來避免長篇 大論，強調(diào)信息。研究報告的作者應(yīng)該在不 損害報告的專業(yè)質(zhì)量的情況下盡可能使用 最簡單的語言。雖然專業(yè)術(shù)語能夠使用，但 虛飾的行為應(yīng)當(dāng)避免。一篇完整的研究報告 應(yīng)該是一份把讀者裝在心中，可讀而又有用 的文獻。結(jié)論雖然我

37、們在中學(xué)就努力去寫好研究報 告，在大學(xué)仍有點害怕，在專業(yè)生活中還經(jīng) 常感到它是一種負擔(dān)，然而學(xué)會與之泰然相 處也是一件相對容易的事。為了幫助人們及 時而又有效地寫出報告，人們應(yīng)該做到：有 一種積極的態(tài)度（即把口頭和書面陳述研究 成果與資料收集過程看成同樣重要）：寫作 步驟井然有序，包括寫作前的準(zhǔn)備工作（即 在進行實際研究工作之前，研究者應(yīng)當(dāng)盡可 能多地把與研究課題有關(guān)的資料寫下來）有 一個正式研究報告的構(gòu)思作為調(diào)查的框架； 有一個合理的寫作方法，包括為了準(zhǔn)確、清 楚、將會很有效的進行校訂過程。職業(yè)的開端貝爾蒙特賓館，1952年6月11日 親愛的媽媽：你那份令我吃驚的電報，宣布了由我 轉(zhuǎn)寄的 明

38、頓家的星期天 、獲得了小姐 雜志五百元獎金。它正好是我在陰暗的貝 爾蒙特餐廳洗餐桌時收到的我非常激動， 大 聲叫著，竟一把抱住了女服務(wù)員領(lǐng)班。毫無 疑問，她一定認(rèn)為我發(fā)瘋了。不管怎樣， 從 心理上講，你的電報來得正是時候。那時我 覺得很累人到一個新地方，第一夜總是 睡不好的一一而我就沒有睡多少覺。更糟糕 的是，我是這里唯一的女招待。一直要擦洗 家具，洗盤子和銀餐具，搬桌子等，從上午8點開始我剛知道，因為我完全沒有經(jīng)Your amazing telegram telegram announcing $500 Mademoiselle prize for "Sunday at the M

39、intons," which I forwarded came just as I was scrubbing tables in the shady interior of The Belmont dining room. I was so excited that I screamed and actually threw my arms around the head waitress who no doubt thinks I am rather insane! Anyhow, psychologically, the moment couldn't have bee

40、n better. I felt tired - one's first night's sleep in a new place never is peaceful - and I didn't get much! To top it off, I was the only girl waitress here, and had been scrubbing furniture, washing dishes and silver, lifting tables, etc. since 8 a.m. Also, I just learned since I am co

41、mpletely inexperienced, I am not going to be working in the main dining room, but in the "side hall" where the managers and top hotel brass eat. So, tips will no doubt net much less during the summer and the company be less interesting. So I was beginning to worry about money when your tel

42、egram came. God! To think "Sunday at the Mintons" is one of two prize stories to be put in a big national slick! Frankly, I can't believe it!The first thing I though of was: Mother can keep her intersession money and buy some pretty clothes and a special trip or something! At least I g

43、et a winter coat and extra special suit out of the Mintons. I think the prize is $500! ME! Of all people! So it's really looking up around here, now that I don't have to be scared stiff about money say, even if my feet kill me after this first week, and I drop 20 trays, I will have the beach

44、, boys to bring me beer, sun, and young gay companions. What a life.Love, your crazy old daughter.SivvyJune 12. 1952No doubt after I catch up on sleep, and learn to balance trays high on my left hand, I'll feel much happier. As it is now, I feel stuck in the midst of a lot of loud, brassy Irish

45、Catholics, and the only way I can jolly myself is to say, "Oh, well, it's only for a summer, and I can maybe write about them all." At least I've got a new name for my next protagonist -Marley, a gabby girl who knows her way aroundless.The ration驗，將不會讓我在正廳工作，而是讓我在經(jīng) 理們和主管人員就餐的 惻廳”工作

46、。所有， 這個暑假的小費毫無疑問會少得多，并且一 起干活的伙伴缺乏風(fēng)趣。我正開動為缺錢發(fā) 愁時你的電報來了。上帝?。∠胂肟?， 明 頓家的星期天竟是一家全國性通俗刊物的 兩篇獲獎小說之一！說實話，我真地不敢相 信！我當(dāng)時想到的第一件事是：媽媽可以將她要 給我暑假用的錢留下，買些好衣服，進行一 次特別旅游什么的。至少我能夠用明頓家 獲得的獎金買一件冬裝和一套非常精美的 衣服。獎金有五百元之多?。?這么多人中，獲獎的竟是我！現(xiàn)在這里一切都好起來，因為我不必為錢擔(dān) 心了，啊，即使這第一個星期之后我雙 腳疼得要命，即使摔破了二十個盤子我仍然 會到海灘去，要侍者為我拿酒，要享受海邊 的陽光，要與年輕的伙伴

47、同樂。多么美好的 生活！愛你，你那發(fā)瘋的女兒。西維1952年6月12日毫無疑問，我睡足覺，學(xué)會用左手端穩(wěn)高高 的盤子后，我會感到更高興的?，F(xiàn)在實際上，我覺得自 己陷入一伙鬧哄哄、厚臉皮的愛爾蘭天主教 S4中，無法脫身，而我能夠自樂的唯一辦 疝是說：嗯，只是一個復(fù)元 而我還可 以把他們寫到我的小說里去呢。"至少，我 已經(jīng)為我的下一個主人公取了一個新名字 馬莉，一個能說會道熟知人情世故的女 孩，小伙子們與大姑娘的比例越來越小。所 以如果我被這兒哪個最年輕的小伙子追求 的話，那我是很幸運的。這里的很多女孩確 實機靈，能喝酒，會調(diào)情賣俏。而我因是那 種保守、文靜、優(yōu)雅的女孩，所以不太可能 和

48、一些帥小伙子約會要是我能與這些女 孩相處很好，作她們朋友而決不讓她們知道 我是個文雅的知識分子的話，那就好了。 對于小姐雜志那條消息，我還是感到不 可理解。我曾經(jīng)確信他們弄錯了，或是你杜 撰出來讓我高興的。最大的好處將是我不必 為這個夏天只能掙到300美金發(fā)愁了。不 然的話，我會憂心忡忡的。我現(xiàn)在真是急不可耐地希望八月到來，到那時我可隨意走進 雜貨店拿起一冊漂亮的小姐雜志，趕快 翻到索引部分，看到我，美國兩名女大學(xué)生 之一！真的，當(dāng)我想起整個春假期間怎樣著手寫這 篇小說。在學(xué)校修改潤色，在海文豪斯廚房 喧鬧的環(huán)境中熬夜打字到深夜的時候， 我真 的無法相信這篇小說會獲得如此大獎 因為你能真正理解

49、，它對我來說有多么重要 的意義。它充分表明我有創(chuàng)作潛力。唯一的 事就是我極有可能再也沒有機會獲得小 姐雜志的大獎了。所以也許明年，也許在 大四，我要努力爭取做一名客座編輯，而且 我的目標(biāo)是要做大西洋月刊的客座編輯。 天哪，能和你談?wù)撨@事，我很高興很可 能你是我擁有的唯一 一位不厭其煩地 聽我談?wù)搶懽鞯穆牨娫僬務(wù)労嗬屠蚱?，它是我小說創(chuàng)作邁出的 一步。故事中的主人公不再總是 我"，它還 證明我開始動用想象力來改變真事。我還真 害怕過這事辦不到，不過我想這表明我觀察 事物的能力在擴大.有時我想見鬼，我不知道我為何整個更 天不呆在家里寫作、學(xué)習(xí)自然科學(xué)，做一份 兼職的小事。我現(xiàn) 宥能力”做

50、到了，不過我 想過于想得到這個并不一定是好事，雖然這 樣做了會很好。好啦，我會振作精神的， 我 愛你。你的西維1952年6月12日親愛的媽媽，媽媽，你一定要給我寫信，因為我現(xiàn)在處在 一種自慚形穢的危險狀態(tài)就眼下，生活 糟透了。小姐獲獎好象完全不是真的， 我現(xiàn)在總的來說，情緒低落：疲憊、害怕、 無能、精力不濟在側(cè)廳工作把我撇在一邊，我感到孤立無 援，非常尷尬。我越是看見正廳的女孩們熟 練地準(zhǔn)備特別的菜肴，做刨冰，水果等，就越是感到自嘆不如， 感 到每天在側(cè)廳工作使我大大落后了 但是 盡管我受到誘惑去當(dāng)膽小鬼、爬回家去，我 還決心試著干完這一個月 一一直到7月10 日不要為我擔(dān)心，不過請一定時常給

51、我and less, so I'll be lucky if I get tagged by the youngest kid here. Lots of the girls are really wise, drinking flirts. As for me, being the conservative, quiet, gracious type, I don't stand much chance of dating some of the cutest ones If I can only get "in" as a pal with these

52、girls, and never for a minute let them know I'm the gentle intellectual type, it'll be O.K.As for the Mlle news, I don't think it's really sunk in yet. I felt sure they made a mistake, or that you'd made it up to cheer me. The big advantage will be that I won't have to worry

53、about earning barely $300 this summer. I would really have been sick otherwise. I can't wait till August when I can go casually down to the drug store and pick up a slick copy of Mlle, flip to the index, and see ME, one of two college girls in the U.S.!Really, when I think of how I started it ov

54、er spring vacation, polished it at school, and sat up till midnight in the Haven House kitchen typing it amidst noise and chatter, I can't get over how the story soared to were it didI get great pleasure out of sharing it her feeling about the story with you, who really understand how terribly m

55、uch it means as a tangible testimony that I have got a germ of writing ability. The only thing, I probably won't have a chance to win Mlle again, so I'll try for a guest editorship maybe next or my senior year, and set my sights for the Atlantic. God, I'm glad I can talk about it with yo

56、u -probably you're the only outlet that I'll have that won't get tired of my talking about writing Speaking again of Henry and Liz, it was a step for me to a story where the protagonist isn't always ME, and proved that I am beginning to use imagination to transform the actual inciden

57、t. I was scared that would never happen, but I think it's an indication that my perspective is broadening. Sometime I think - heck, I don't know why I didn't stay home all summer, writing, doing physical science, and having a small part-time job. I could "afford" to now, but it

58、 doesn't do much good to yearn about that, I guess. Although it would have been nice. Oh well, I'll cheer up. I love you.Your own SivvyJune 15, 1952Dear Mother. Do write me letters, Mommy, because I am in a very dangerous of feeling sorry for myself present, life is awful. Mademoiselle seems

59、 quite unreal, and I am exhausted, scared, incompetent, unenergetic and generally low is spirits in side hall puts me part, and I feel completely uprooted and clumsy. The more I see the main hall girls expertly getting special dishes, fixing shaved ice and fruit, etc., the more I get an inferiority complex and feel that each day in side hall leavesme further behind But as tempted as I am to bea coward and escape by crawling back home, I have resolved to give it a good month's trial - till July 10 Don't worry about me, but do send melittle pellets of advice now and then.J