高中英語語法句型要點(diǎn)講解與歸納課件

1、句 子 成 分Members of a Sentence*句子成分由詞或詞組充當(dāng)英語的基本成分有七種：_和_主語（subject）、謂語（predicate）、表語（predicative）、賓語（object）、定語（attribute）、狀語(adverbial)補(bǔ)語（complement）。英語句子的基本結(jié)構(gòu)可以歸納成五種基本句型及其擴(kuò)大、組合、省略或倒裝。掌握這五種基本句型，是掌握各種英語句子結(jié)構(gòu)的基礎(chǔ)。一： （主謂）二： （主系表）三： （主謂賓）四： （主謂間賓直賓）五： （主謂賓賓補(bǔ)）基本句型 一： （主謂）主語：可以作主語的成分有名詞，主格代詞，動(dòng)詞不定式，動(dòng)名詞等等。主語一般

2、在句首。謂語：謂語由動(dòng)詞構(gòu)成，是英語時(shí)態(tài)、語態(tài)變化的主角，一般在主語之后。不及物動(dòng)詞（vi.）沒有賓語，形成主謂結(jié)構(gòu)，如：We come. （不及物動(dòng)詞）1. The sunrose. 2. Who cares? 3. What he said does not matter. 4. They talked for half an hour. 5. The pen writes smoothly此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同特點(diǎn)，即句子的謂語動(dòng)詞都能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做不及物動(dòng)詞，后面可以跟副詞、介詞短語、狀語從句等。基本句型 二： （主系表）此句型的句子有一個(gè)共同的特點(diǎn)：句子謂語動(dòng)詞都不能表

3、達(dá)一個(gè)完整的意思，必須加上一個(gè)表明主語身份或狀態(tài)的表語構(gòu)成復(fù)合謂語，才能表達(dá)完整的意思。這類動(dòng)詞叫做連系動(dòng)詞。系動(dòng)詞分兩類：be, look, keep, seem等，表情況；get, grow, become, turn等屬另一類，表變化。be 本身沒有什么意義,只起連系主語和表語的作用。其它系動(dòng)詞仍保持其部分詞義。感官動(dòng)詞多可用作連系動(dòng)詞：look well/面色好, sound nice/聽起來不錯(cuò),feel good/感覺好，smell bad/難聞 基本句型 三： （主謂賓）此句型句子的共同特點(diǎn)是：謂語動(dòng)詞都具有實(shí)義，都是主語產(chǎn)生的動(dòng)作，但不能表達(dá)完整的意思，必須跟有一個(gè)賓語，即動(dòng)作

4、的承受者，才能使意思完整。這類動(dòng)詞叫做及物動(dòng)詞。 （及物動(dòng)詞） （賓語）1. Who knows the answer? 2. He has refused to help them. 3. He enjoys reading. 4. He said Good morning. 5. He admits that he was mistaken. 基本句型 四： （主謂間賓直賓）有些及物動(dòng)詞可以有兩個(gè)賓語，eg：give/pass/bring/show。這兩個(gè)賓語通常一個(gè)指人(間接賓語)；一個(gè)指物(直接賓語)。-Give me a cup of tea please.-Show this ho

5、use to Mr. Smith.-Bring it to me, please. （及物） （賓語） （賓補(bǔ)） 1. They painted the door green. 2. This set them thinking. 3. They found the house deserted. 4. He asked me to come back soon. 5. I saw them getting on the bus. a， b， c， d， e， 1，Pleas tell us a story._2, She smiled._3. I have a lot work to do.

6、_4. His job is to train swimmers._5. He noticed a man enter the room._6. Please look at the picture._daebec但常用的英語句子并不都象基本句型這樣簡短，除了基本句型的成分不變外，通常是在這些成分的前面或后面增加一些修飾語而加以擴(kuò)大。這些修飾語可以是單詞（adj./adv./num.數(shù)詞）短語（主要是介詞短語、不定式短語和分詞短語）。我們稱之為：定語、狀語The little boy needs a blue pen. 一、 定語：定語是對名詞或代詞起修飾、限定作用的詞、短語或句子，譯為的定語

7、通常位于被修飾的成分前。復(fù)合不定代詞（something/nothing）之后；不定式/分詞短語/從句作定語時(shí)要放在被修飾的成分后；副詞用作定語時(shí)須放在名詞之后。He sits there, asking for a pen.他坐在那兒要一支筆。（表示伴隨狀態(tài)）Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a pen.因?yàn)椴坏貌煌瓿勺鳂I(yè)，男孩需要一支筆。（原因狀語）Frightened, he sits there soundlessly.（因?yàn)椋┦芰梭@嚇，他無聲地坐在那兒。（原因狀語）分詞（短語）作狀語：The boy needs a pen to

8、 do his homework.男孩需要一支筆寫家庭作業(yè)。（目的狀語）To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very interested in business.為實(shí)現(xiàn)夢想,湯姆變得對商業(yè)很有興趣. 不定式作狀語：狀語從句：時(shí)間狀語從句、地點(diǎn)狀語從句、原因狀語從句、結(jié)果狀語從句、目的狀語從句、比較狀語從句、讓步狀語從句、條件狀語從句 -We chatted as we walked along.-Even if she laughs at him, he adores her.三、同位語：同位語 當(dāng)兩個(gè)指同一事物的句子成分放在同等位置時(shí)，一個(gè)句子

9、成分用來說明和解釋另一個(gè)句子成分，這個(gè)句子成分就叫做它的同位語。We students should study hard. (students是we的同位語，都是指同一批學(xué)生）We all are students. (all是we的同位語，都指同樣的我們） 四、獨(dú)立成分：與全句沒有語法關(guān)系的句子成分叫做句子的獨(dú)立成分感嘆詞：oh, hello, aha, ah,等。肯定詞:yes否定詞:no稱呼語：稱呼人的用語。插入語：一些句中插入的 I think , I believe,等。如: The story, I think, has never come to the end. 我相信,這個(gè)

10、故事還遠(yuǎn)沒結(jié)束. 一) 挑出下列句中的賓語 My brother hasnt done his homework. People all over the world speak English. How many new words did you learn last class? Some of the students in the school want to go swimming, how about you? The old man sitting at the gate said he was ill.(二) 挑出下列句中的表語- The old man was feelin

11、g very tired.- The leaves have turned yellow.- Soon They all became interested in the subject.(三) 挑出下列句中的定語1. What is your given name?2. I am afraid some people forgot to sweep the floor.3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.4. I am waiting for the sound of the other shoe!(四) 挑出下列句中的賓語補(bǔ)足語 She li

12、kes the children to read newspapers and books in the reading-room. He asked her to take the boy out of school. She found it difficult to do the work. They call me Lily sometimes. I saw Mr Wang get on the bus.劃分句子成分You will tell your friend that youve got to school. But as the moon gave far too much

13、light, I didnt dare open a window.3. Another time five months ago, I happened to be upstairs at dusk when the window was open.4. The dark, rainy evening, the wind, the thundering clouds held me entirely in their power.1.You will tell （your） friend that youve got to school.2. But as the moon gave far too much light, I didntdare open a window.3.