雅思寫作論證方法課件

雅思寫作論證方法1.經(jīng)濟(jì)與就業(yè)原則如“是否要戒煙”Pros:

煙草行業(yè)促進(jìn)經(jīng)濟(jì)發(fā)展（promotetheeconomicdevelopment），提高國(guó)家稅收收入（enhancethetaxincomeofacountry）提供就業(yè)崗位（providetheopportunitiesofemployment）十大論證原則2.時(shí)間與效率原則如“是否限制飛機(jī)飛行”Pros:節(jié)省時(shí)間，提高效率（time-saving,enhancetheefficiency）3.空間與安全原則如“是否在社區(qū)里建工廠”Cons:

占據(jù)空間，社區(qū)變得擁堵（occupythespace,overcrowded）安全隱患（potentialsafetyhazard）5.

生理原則如“是否要戒煙”Cons:有害身體健康，有可能導(dǎo)致肺癌（bedetrimentaltohealth,leadtolungcancer）如“手機(jī)的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)”Cons:有可能導(dǎo)致腦癌（haveapotentialto…）6.教育原則如“舊樓是否被現(xiàn)代化樓房代替”Cons:一些舊樓是教育的絕好教材（atextbookofteaching）如“大學(xué)傳授知識(shí)”Pros:奠定研究和就業(yè)的基礎(chǔ)（layafoundationfor…）7.文化原則如“全球化的優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)”Pros:促進(jìn)文化的交流和傳播（theculturalcommunication）Cons:導(dǎo)致文化個(gè)性的消失（theextinctofculturalidentity）產(chǎn)生文化的矛盾和沖突（culturalconflict）8.環(huán)境和能源原則如“是否限制使用汽車”Cons:空氣、噪音污染（airpollutionandnoisecontamination）能源危機(jī)（energycrisis）9.道德原則如“是否拿動(dòng)物做實(shí)驗(yàn)”Cons:不人道，太殘忍（inhumane,cruel）Eg1.

Tourismisbelievedtobeagoodwayofimprovingasociety’sprogress.Discusstheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofexploringthisresource.

通過(guò)“十大論證原則”，我們分別將優(yōu)缺點(diǎn)列舉如下：Pros： 經(jīng)濟(jì)與就業(yè)原則（對(duì)國(guó)家和地區(qū)政府），心理原則（對(duì)旅游者），生理原則（對(duì)旅游者），文化原則Cons: 空間與安全原則（對(duì)個(gè)人），文化原則，環(huán)境原則However,onnoaccountcanwelosesightthatthegovernment,thelocalresidentsaswellasthetravelersthemselvesgainbenefitsfromthedevelopmentoftourism.Tobeginwith,themunicipalgovernmentiscertaintoincreasetherevenueincomefromthis.Besides,itisobviousthatexploitingthisresourcewouldprovidethelocalinhabitantswithalargenumberofemploymentopportunities.Lastbutnotleast,travelerscanalsobroadentheirhorizon,andrelievethepressureaccumulatedfromworkorstudy.正文結(jié)構(gòu)安排如下：

Admittedly,thereisanopinionthattakinganimalsforthepurposeofexperimentationisunnecessary.Foronething,theybelievethatsuchactivitiesbringtheseanimalsunlimitedsuffering,whichisinhumaneandcruel.Foranother,arangeofanimalsrights’protectorsareworriedthatitisabehaviortodepriveanimals’rightsofliving.However,onnoaccountcanwelosesightthatanimalsusedforexperimentareofgreatcontributiontothedevelopmentofscience.Firstandforemost,itisbelievedthatcertainkindsofanimals,suchasmice,sharethesamefeatureswithhumanbeings.Besides,animalsusedforexperimentaremuchcheaperthanhumanbeings,whichreducesthecostonresearching.Lastbutnotleast,scientistswhouseanimalstoconductexperimentareinthehopetotestthesafetyandeffectivenessofnewlydevelopeddrugsbeforepilottestingonsmallgroupofpatients.1、解釋說(shuō)明（explanation）句型：Thisistosay,…Tobemoreprecise,…BythisImean,…擴(kuò)展論據(jù)thereasonwhyitisdifficultforuniversitystudentstofindajobaftergraduationtheincreasingworldpopulation（離題）theincreasinglyfiercecompetition(有說(shuō)服力）講道理的時(shí)候只圍繞topicsentence進(jìn)行解釋說(shuō)明Theretiredpeopletendtoofferserviceforthebenefitsofthefamilyandthecommunity.Thisistosay,theelderlyalwaysspendtheirtimeintakingcareofthefamilyanddoinghouseholdchoresforthefamilyaswellasorganizingcharitableactivitiesforthecommunity.2.下定義(definition)Somepeoplethinkthatuniversitiesshouldprovidegraduateswiththeknowledgeandskillsneededintheworkplace.Othersthinkthatthetruefunctionofauniversityshouldbetogiveaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake，regardlessofwhetherthecourseisusefultoanemployer.What，inyouropinion，shouldbethemainfunctionofauniversity?However,reachingtheconclusionthatotherfunctions，suchasgivingaccesstoknowledgeforitsownsake，arenolongerimportantisbiased.Forhundredsofyears，especiallyinthewest，theundergraduateeducationis，indeed，aliberaleducation，whichmeanstheundergraduateslearnawiderangeofcurriculumssuchaspsychology，economics，politicsthathasnodirectrelationstojobs.Theupsidesofthisisthatitfirstlyenablesstudentstobecomebroad-mindedandhelpthemlayasolidtheoreticalfoundation，thentheywillbeabletochoosethemostappropriatefieldbasedontheirowninterestsforfurtherstudies.Telephone/MobilephoneImagineusingsmokingsignals，carrierpigeonsorridersonhorsebacktosendanimportantmessage.Althoughthosemethodsmaysoundstrange，yearsagopeopleusedthemtocommunicate.Today，allapersonhastodoispickupatelephone/mobilephone.StudyingabroadEveryyear，studentsaroundtheworldleavebehindthecomfortsofhometopursueastudy-abroadexperienceinaforeigncountry.Whilemanywouldsaythatstudyingabroadisadvantageous，somewouldargueotherwise.3、舉例子（exemplification）句型：Forexample,forinstance,toillustrate,…Take…forexample,…thestudentsinhighschoolsufferfromincreasingpressureEg.Mostparentstendtooverusepunishmentintheireducationofthekids.Forexample,onlybecauseofthebadperformanceinprimaryschool,thechildofmyneighbourwasinflictedcorporalpunishment.Inthiscase,itdoesnothingbutharmtothechild’sphysicalandmentaldevelopment.Althoughstickingtoone’sgoaliskeytosuccess,sometimesoneshouldbereadytogiveup.Napoleon’sstoryisacaseinpoint.AfterNapoleonsucceededinseizingthecrownofFrance,heshouldhavebeensatisfiedwithhisachievement.Buthedidnot.HewentontoconquerthewholeEurope.ThenafterhesucceededinrulingalmostthewholeEurope,heshouldhavegivenupthisambitiontoexpandinghisempire.Buthedidnot.HewentontoinvadeRussiaandtherehesufferedatotaldefeat.Laterhewassentintoexileanddiedinalonelyisland.

4列數(shù)據(jù)(raisingfigures)句型:Asisreported/investigated/researched,…Itisreportedthat…Arecentresearchconductedby…Bureaurevealsthat…有科學(xué)依據(jù)的,明確記載的數(shù)據(jù)一些調(diào)查報(bào)告的數(shù)據(jù)Eg.Theretiredpeopletendtoofferserviceforthebenefitsofthefamilyandthecommunity.Asisreported,theaveragetimethattheretiredwithintheagegroupabove65spendonthefamilyandthecommunityisatitslengthofabout5hoursperday.Ifpeoplemovetoliveindifferentplaces,theywillhavemoreopportunityforimprovingtheirlives.AccordingtoasurveyconductedbytheChineseAcademyofSocialSciences,55%ofurbanChinesehadchangedtheirlivingplaceatleastonceintheirlifetimeby2000,anincreaseof30percentascomparedwiththatof2decadesago.Chinesesociologistsagreethatthistrendismostlikelytocontinuewiththedevelopmentsociety.Statisticsindicatethatpeoplewhomovedatleastonceintheirlifetimeenjoyamuchhigherlivingstandardthanthosewhonevermoved.5.比較(contrast&comparison)對(duì)比對(duì)照關(guān)系的連詞:Incontrast,bycontrast,onthecontrary,while,whereasLikewise,similarlyThosewhobelieveinthemeasuresaythatstudentsbenefitalotfromtravelingorworkingforayearbeforetheirformaluniversityeducation.First,theycanmorebroadlybeacquaintedthemselveswiththesociety,deepentheirunderstandingoftheoutsideworld,andthusbettercoordinatetheirobjectivesoflearningwiththeneedsofthesociety.Incontrast,byimmediateentrancetouniversitytheycannotsteerthedirectionoftheirstudywellandmaydisplayapoorcombinationofthetheorywithpractice.Second,studyathighschoolisreallyexhausting,especiallywhentowincollegeadmission.Soitisnecessarytograntthesechildrenarelativelylongperiodofrelaxationorbuffer,say,travelingorworkingforayear,toloosenthechordsoftheirbrain,sothatwhentheygobacktoschoollateragain,theycanbecomecompletelyrefreshedandrejuvenated.6.讓步(makingconcession)句型如下:Although/though/inspiteofthefactthat…Asisgranted/Admittedly,…Opponentswouldarguethat…Eg.Peopledonnotbelievethatsavingmoneyisagoodideainmodernsociety.Asisgranted,savingmoneyofferspeopleasenseofsecurityincaseofemergency.However,peopletendtobelievethatwiseinvestmentcangetmoreprofits.7.假設(shè)論證(assumption)The