化學(xué)專業(yè)英語常用詞匯

《專業(yè)英語》☆Elementsof1-36Hydrogen[‘haidradson]n.氫Helium[‘hi:ljom]n.〈化〉氦Lithium[‘liOiom]n.鋰Beryllium[bo'riljom]n.鈹(Be)Boron[‘bo:ron]n.硼Carbon[‘ka:bon]n.碳Diamondsarepurecarbon.鉆石是純凈的碳。Nitrogen氮Oxygen氧Fluorine[(fluori:n]氟Neon[ni:on]n.〈化〉氖Sodium[，soudiom]n.鈉Magnesium[m刪g'ni:zjam]n.鎂Aluminum[，髭lju:-，minjom]n?鋁Silicon[,silikon]n.硅Phosphorus[(fbsforos]n.磷Sulfur[,sAlfo]n.硫磺，硫黃；vt.用硫磺處理Chlorine[,klo:ri:n]n.〈化〉氯，氯氣Argon[,a:gon]n.氬Potassium[po't冊siom]鉀Calcium[,k冊lsiom]鈣Scandium[‘k?ndiom]銃(Sc)Titanium[tai’teiniom]鈦Vanadium[vo'neidiom]帆，Chromium[,kroumjom]銘Manganese[，m冊qgoni:z]錳Iron[,aion]鐵Cobalt[ko,bo:lt,’koubo:lt]鉆(Co)Nickel[(nikol]銀Nickelcanbeusedformakingcoins.銀可做成錢幣。Copper[(kopo]銅Copperconducts electricitywell.銅是電的良導(dǎo)體。Zinc[ziqk]鋅Brassisanalloyofcopperandzinc.黃銅是銅和鋅的合金。Gallium[(g刪liom]錢Germanium[d3o:'meiniom]鍺Arsenic[,a:sonik]種;三氧化二砷;砒霜Selenium[si'li:niom]硒Bromine[(broumi:n]溴krypton[(kripton]氪☆常用:ppm:partspermillionppb:partsperbillionpH:potentialofhydrogen1.化合物的命名：規(guī)則：金屬建某些非金屬)元素+陰離子名稱(1)MgCl2magnesium[mffig,ni:zjm]chloride(2)NaNO2 sodiumnitrite[‘naitrait](3)KNO3 potassium[p’t史sim]nitrate [‘naitreit](4)硝酸nitricacid(5)NaHCO3 sodiumhydrogencarbonate練習(xí)：FeBr2（NH4）2SO4NH4H2PO4KMnO4亞硫酸sulfurousacidH2SNO2有機(jī)物命名Hydrocarbon{Aliphatichydrocarbon;AromaticHydrocarbon}Aliphatichydrocarbon（脂肪烴）{Alkane（烷）；Alkene（烯）；Alkyne（炔）}Alcohol醇Aldehyde醛Ketone[‘ki:tun]酮Carboxylicacid羧酸Aromatichydrocarbon（芳香烴）{benzene（苯）hydroxybenzene（酚）quinone（醌）無機(jī)物中關(guān)于數(shù)字的寫法mono-,di-,tri-,tetra-,penta-hexa-,hepta-,octa-,nona-,deca-一， 二，三，四， 五，六，七， 八，九，十有機(jī)物中關(guān)于數(shù)字的寫法meth-, eth-,prop-,but-,pent-,hex-,甲 乙丙丁戊已hept-, oct-,non-,dec-,cyclo-,poly-庚 辛壬葵環(huán)聚?庚醛?2-甲基壬酸?庚醛?2-甲基壬酸辛烷3,5-二乙基癸醇Lesson1Lithium[‘li0im]n.鋰Beryllium[b,riljm]n.皺(Be)Sodium[‘sudim]n.鈉Potassium[p’t史sim]鉀Rubidium[ru:'bidim]鋤Caesium['si:zim]銫Nucleus[‘nju:klis]原子核，是nuclear的復(fù)數(shù)Halogen['h田ldsn]鹵素generalchemistry普通化學(xué)positive['pztiv]ion陽離子orbitalelectron軌道電子effectivenuclearcharge有效核電荷atomicradius原子半徑，raddi的復(fù)數(shù)ionicradius離子半徑negativeion陰離子electroncloud電子云VanderWaalsnon-boundedradius單質(zhì)分子晶體中相鄰分子間兩個(gè)非鍵合原子核間距離的一半稱為范德華半徑Lesson2metallic[mi,t田lik]character['kffirikt]金屬特性electropositive[I’lektru'poztiv]a.帶正電的Ionization['ainai,zeijen]energy電離能carbon碳 germanium[d30:,meinim]鍺tin[tin]錫 lead[led]鉛sodium['sudim]鈉 magnesium[m磔’ni:zjm]鎂silicon['silikn]硅 chlorine[,klo:ri:n]氯nonmetallic['nonmi't史lik]adj.n.非金屬的，非金屬Electronegativity電負(fù)性Metallicoxide 金屬氧化物Metallichydroxide[hai,droksaid] 金屬氫氧化物Hydroxyl[hai‘droksil]ions 氫氧根離子insoluble[in,soljubl]不溶解的Ionic[ai'onik]adj.離子的Transitionelement 過渡元素Basicity[b,sisiti]n.堿性，堿度Oxyacid[,oksi’史sid] 含氧酸Carbonate['ka:bneit]碳酸鹽Nitrate['naitreit]硝酸鹽Sulphate['sAlfeit] 硫酸鹽=sulfateAmphoteric[,?mf’terik]adj.兩性的Acid['缶sid]n.adj.alkali['田lklai]n.adj.Hydration[hai’dreijen]水合作用Hydrolyze['haidrlaiz]vi.水解Oxysalt['oksiso:lt]含氧酸鹽Complex絡(luò)合物，復(fù)合物句子理解Metalsareelectropositiveandhaveatendencytolosselectrons,ifsuppliedwithenergy:MM++e.金屬是電正性的，如果供給能量，有失去電子的趨勢。Thestrongerthistendency,themoreelectropositiveandmoremetallicanelementis.(元素失電子)趨勢越強(qiáng)，其電正性和金屬性越強(qiáng)。Thussodiumandmagnesiumaremoremetallicthansilicon,whichinturn,ismoremetallicthanchlorine.因此，鈉和鎂的金屬性比硅強(qiáng)，以此類推，硅的金屬性比氯強(qiáng)。Which引導(dǎo)非限定定語從句，修飾SiliconOxides,whichareinsolubleinwater,areregardedasbasiciftheyreactwithacidstoformsalts.不溶于水的氧化物，如果和酸能夠反應(yīng)生成鹽，則認(rèn)為是堿性的。Weaklyelectropositiveelementsareunaffectedbywaterandaremuchlessreadilyattackedbyacids.弱電正性的金屬不與水反應(yīng)，且不易與酸反應(yīng)SaltsofstronglyelectropositivemetalshavelittletendencytohydrolyzeOnd|formoxysalts.強(qiáng)電正性的金屬鹽水解形成含氧酸鹽的趨勢很小。Itis+adj,+：totisadvantageoustoworkatlowertemperatureItispossibletodosth.Itseemsadvantageoustodosth.Itappearsusefultodosth.Itprovescorrecttodosth.Itbecomesobvioustodosth.Itisimportanttodosth.Itiscleartodosth.(明顯的)Itisapparenttodosth.(顯而易見的)Itisnecessary(forus)toknowhowtoconvertenergyfromoneformintoanother.Itis+adj.+thatItisapparentthatthedifferencebetweenelementsisinthestructureoftheiratoms.ItisimportantthatthepolymerizationproceedsundernitrogenatmosphereItis+過去分詞+thatItis+believed+that(accepted、mentioned、proposed、found、supposed、recommended、known)e.g.ItisfoundthatoxygenplaysanimportantroleinthereactionItis+名詞(動名詞)+thatItisworthnoting(mentioning)that 值得一提的是 e.g.Itisworthnotingthatthepolymerishighlysolubleinorganicsolvents.ItisnousethatItisafactthat……事實(shí)上It+不及物動詞+thaItturnsoutthat (seems、appears)Itfollowsthat……由此可見.….Itgoeswithoutsayingthat 毫無疑問 e.g.Itgoeswithoutsayingthatthematerialdoesnothavegoodstabilityinair.It+系動詞+that (被動句型，SeeP29)Itisconsideredthat (understood、supposed、suggested、noticed、preferred)Itisgenerallyrecognizedthat Itcanbeforeseenthat Itmustbestressedthat Ithasbeenshownthat Lesson3VocabularyGalvanize[‘galvnaiz]vt.通電流于；電鍍;鍍鋅于iron[‘a(chǎn)in]鐵Zinc[zigk]鋅rusting[rAstig]n生銹anodic[’nodik]adj.陽極的Scratch[skratj]vt.&vi.擦傷，刮傷Sacrifice['s田krifais]n.vt.&vi.犧牲，舍身Magnesium[mffig,ni:zjam]n.鎂Pipeline[’paiplain]n.管道，管線hull[hAl]n.船體，船身Consolidate[kan,solideit]vt.&vi.（使）鞏固;（使）加強(qiáng);合并，統(tǒng)一hydrogen['haidradsan]氫Copper[‘kopa]銅Disproportionate['dispra,po:janit]adj.不相稱的，不成比例的，不均勻的;歧化需掌握的詞匯Oxidation-reductionreaction氧化還原反應(yīng)iron[‘a(chǎn)ian]鐵Zinc[zik]鋅Forwardreaction正向反應(yīng)spontaneous[spon,teinias]reaction自發(fā)反應(yīng)anodicprotection陽極保護(hù)Magnesium[mffig，ni:zjam]n.鎂Reductionpotential還原電勢Strongoxidizing、reducingagent強(qiáng)氧化/還原劑Standardelectrodepotential標(biāo)準(zhǔn)電極電勢hydrogen['haidradsan]氫Thermodynamicfunctions熱力學(xué)函數(shù)Freeenergy吉布斯自由能Copper[‘kopa]銅Disproportionate['dispra,po:janit]adj.不相稱的，不成比例的，不均勻的;歧化Self-oxidizing/reducingagent自氧化（還原）劑Ferrous亞鐵Ferric三價(jià)鐵句子理解Oxidationistheremovalofelectronsfrom,andreductionistheadditionofelectronstoanatom.氧化反應(yīng)是原子失去電子，而還原反應(yīng)是原子得到電子。Considerthegalvanizingofiron,thatiscoatingfromwithzinctopreventrusting.（關(guān)于）鐵的電鍍，是用鋅作鍍層來防止鐵銹生成。Ifthegalvanizedsteel（鍍鋅鋼材）isscratched,allowingtheairtooxidizesomeiron,theFe2+producedisimmediatelyreducedtoironbythezinc,andrustingdoesnotoccur.如果鍍鋅鋼材被刮傷，部分鐵被空氣氧化，生成的Fe2+（可以）立即被鋅還原成鐵，這樣避免了銹蝕。Thisinformationisconsolidatedintoasinglediagram,inwhichthehighestoxidationstateiswrittenattheleft,andtheloweststateattheright.這一知識（可以）統(tǒng)一為專門的圖示，即高氧化態(tài)寫在左邊，低氧化態(tài)寫在右邊。MaterialswhicharegenerallyacceptedasoxidizingagentshaveE0valuesabove+0.8Volts,thosesuchasFe3+fFe2+ofabout0.8voltsarestable（equallyoxidizingandreducing）,andthosebelow0.8voltsbecomingincreasinglyreducing.通常作為氧化劑的材料其（還原電勢）E0大于0.8V,以及那些如Fe3+-Fe2+等于0.8V的材料是穩(wěn)定的（氧化和還原反應(yīng)趨勢相等），而那些還原電勢低于0.8V的材料還原性增加。Sincethezincreactionintheforwardreactionproducesalargernegativepotential,thatisliberatesmoreenergy,thespontaneousreactionis 由于鋅的正向反應(yīng)產(chǎn)生較大的負(fù)電勢，也即釋放較多能量，則自發(fā)反應(yīng)是……Lesson4VocabularyPetroleum[pi'tr5uliSm]石油Geologic[dsie'lodgik] adj.地質(zhì)（學(xué)）的Prohibitive[pre'hibitiv]adj.禁止的，抑制的Homologous[ho'moleges]adj.相應(yīng)的，類似的，同源的Ingenuity[‘indgi'njuiti]n.機(jī)靈，獨(dú)創(chuàng)性，精巧，靈活性Terminology[‘te:mi'noledgi]n.術(shù)語學(xué)Acquisition['史kwi'zijen]n.獲得，獲得物Nomenclature[neu'meqkletje]n.命名法，術(shù)語Systematize[‘sistimetaiz]v.系統(tǒng)化Procurement[pre'kjuement]n.獲得，取得Lubricant[‘lju:brikent]n.潤滑劑Aliphatic['史li'f史tik]adj.脂肪族的Aromatic['ffireu'm田tik]adj.芳香物族的benzene['benzi:n]n.苯biological[‘baie'lodgikel]adj.生物學(xué)的isolation[‘a(chǎn)ise'leiJen]n.隔絕，孤立，離析Elaborate[I'l史bereit]adj.精心制作的，詳細(xì)闡述的，精細(xì)丫工精心制作，詳細(xì)闡述v.詳細(xì)描述Painstaking[‘peinz'teikiq]n.苦干，辛苦adj.辛苦的，辛勤的，艱苦的criterian.標(biāo)準(zhǔn)empirical[em'pirikSl]adj.完全根據(jù)經(jīng)驗(yàn)的，經(jīng)驗(yàn)主義的，[化]實(shí)驗(yàn)式molecular[meu'lekjule]adj.分子的，由分子組成的coincide[‘keuin'said]withvi.一致，符合assignment[e'sainment]n.分配，委派，任務(wù)，作業(yè)unambiguous[,An?m'bigjues]adj.不含糊的，明確的Standpoint[‘standpoint]n.立場，觀點(diǎn)需要掌握的詞和短語organicchemistry有機(jī)化學(xué)organiccompound有機(jī)化合物homologousseriesofcompounds同系物aliphaticcompounds脂族化合物aromaticcompounds芳香族化合物benzenederivative苯衍生物empiricalformula實(shí)驗(yàn)式，經(jīng)驗(yàn)式molecularformula分子式structuralformula結(jié)構(gòu)式molecularweight分子量qualitativeanalysis定性分析quantitativeanalysis定量分析常用短語beformedthroughbederivedfrombedescribedasbedefinedasbeentitledbedividedintoInsummary句子理解Oncethestructuralrelationshipsofcertaintypicalmembersofaparticulargrouporfamilyofcompoundsareunderstood,thesestructuralfeaturesareunderstoodforanyoneofthemanymembersofthefamily,eventhoughsomemaynotbeknowncompounds.一旦了解了某一特定類或族中典型化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)關(guān)系，則可以推斷這一族中任一化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)，(包括)那些(即使)未知化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)特點(diǎn)。Anotherimportantphaseofthestudyoforganicchemistryiscommunication,orexchangeofinformation,amongorganicchemists.Study此處為研究Phase方面Thisscienceofnomenclature[nu'megkltJ。]hasreceivedconsiderableattentionduringthedevelopmentoforganicchemistry,anditwillconstituteasecondimportanttopicforconsiderationinconnectionwitheachhomologousseriesofcompoundstobestudied.這種命名法在有機(jī)化學(xué)的發(fā)展過程中受到相當(dāng)重視，它將構(gòu)成研究每一同系物時(shí)要考慮的第二個(gè)重要主題Athirdimportanttopicforconsiderationinconnectionwitheachhomologousseriesofcompoundsisprocurement[pr'kjument].與各種同系物相關(guān)的第三個(gè)主題是（如何）制?。ㄔ擃愇镔|(zhì)）。Manyorganiccompounds,aspointedoutearlier,arenaturallyoccurring.Itismoreoftenused,IhoweveRtomeanthechemicalprocessofchangingorconvertinganavailablecompoundintothedesiredcompound,eitherinthelaboratoryorona_largerscale,asinamanufacturingplant.合成一詞是指由較小的單元構(gòu)筑某種分子。然而更常用的是指在實(shí)驗(yàn)室或生產(chǎn)規(guī)模的，由已知物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化成所要求的某種物質(zhì)的化學(xué)過程。Inorderthattheaboveconversionofonecompoundtoanothermaybeaccomplished,thechemicalpropertiesofeachcompoundmustbeunderstood.為使上述轉(zhuǎn)化（由一種物質(zhì)轉(zhuǎn)化成另一種物質(zhì)）能夠?qū)崿F(xiàn)，必須了解每一種物質(zhì)的化學(xué)性質(zhì)。Again,thesolutionofthisproblemwouldbeimpossiblewereitnotforthefactthatthechemicalpropertiesofafamilyofcompoundsaredocumented,thusmakingitpossibletopredictthechemicalpropertiesofanymemberofthefamily,eventhoughaparticularmembermaynotbeaknowncompound.再者，如果不是（因?yàn)椋┮呀?jīng)明確同系物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)，使得預(yù)測同系物中任一物質(zhì)、甚至未知物的化學(xué)性質(zhì)成為可能（這一事實(shí)），則不可能有解決該問題的方法。Isolationproceduresareusuallyfollowedbytheapplicationofcertaincriteriaofpuritytothecompoundisolated.分離過程中通常將特定的純度標(biāo)準(zhǔn)應(yīng)用于分離出的化合物。Thechemistmustestablishthattheisolationprocedurehasresultedintheeliminationofessentiallyallofthe“foreign”moleculesfromthecompound,andthatheisdealingwithasinglemolecularspecies.化學(xué)家必須確定分離過程使大部分異質(zhì)分子從該化合物中去除，而研究的只是單一分子組成的物質(zhì)。Extensivechemicalandphysicalmethodsforestablishingtheorderinwhichatomsarelinkedtogetherhavebeenworkedout.已采取大量的物理、化學(xué)方法來確定（分子中）原子之間的連接方式。Lesson5VocabularyHybridize[‘haibridaiz]v.（使）雜交,雜化Alkanes['田lkein]n.鏈烷，烷烴Flora['flo:ra]n.（某地區(qū)或某時(shí)期的）植物群Fauna['fo:na]n.動物群，動物區(qū)系,動物志Phyla['fails]n.（生物分類學(xué)上的）門，語群（比語系關(guān)系松散的一種語言）（phylum的復(fù)數(shù)）Assimilation[a,simi,leiJ5n]n.（被）吸收或同化的過程Segment['segment]n.部分，片段paraffin['p?rafin]n.煤油,石蠟,鏈烷烴divergent[dai’vQzdgant]adj.有分歧的；叉開的novice[‘novis]n.新手，初學(xué)者Exasperate[ig'zo:spareit]vt.激怒，觸怒charm[tJa:m]n.魅力，吸引力魔力，咒語vt.使高興，使著迷；吸引entrench[in'trentjvt.牢固地確立…Suffix[‘sfiks]n.后綴，詞尾vt.加后綴Derivative[di,rivetiv]n.派生物，引出物adj.模仿他人的；衍生的；派生的Prefix[‘pri:fiks]n.前綴vt.在…前加上Alkyl[‘slkil]n.烷基，烴基adj.烷基的Secondary-butyl仲丁基tertiary（tert-）[‘te:j9ri]adj.第三的，第三級的Pentyl[‘pentil]n.戊（烷）基Isopentyl[,aise'pentil]n.異戊基Neopentyl[,ni:eu,pentil]n.新戊（烷）基應(yīng)掌握的詞匯和術(shù)語Alkane['田lkein]n.鏈烷，烷烴alkene['alki:n]n.烯烴，鏈烯Alkyne['田lkain]n.快Hybridize[‘haibridaiz]v.（使）雜交,雜化Derivative[di,rivetiv]n.派生物，引出物Alkyl[‘?lkil]n.烷基，烴基adj.烷基的Secondary-butyl仲丁基tertiary（tert-）[‘te:j9ri]adj.第三的，第三級的Pentyl[‘pentil]n.戊（烷）基Isopentyl[,aise,pentil]n.異戊基Neopentyl[,ni:eu’pentil]n.新戊（烷）基Saturatedhydrocarbons飽和烴Homologousseries同系物Sidechains側(cè)鏈，支鏈句子理解Theclassificationofcompoundsintofamilies,inwhichthememberspossesssimilarstructuresandsimilarchemicalproperties,providesoneoftheimportantgeneralizingprinciplesoforganicchemistry.（有機(jī)）化合物分成族的分類方法為有機(jī)化學(xué)提供了一個(gè)重要的普遍法則，（每一族）的所有成員具有相似的結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)性質(zhì)。Thefirstofthesefamilies（classes）tobediscussediscalledthealkanesorparaffinhydrocarbons,thetermparaffinhavingbeenchosenbecauseofthegeneralchemicalinertnessofthesecompounds（Latin,parumaffinis,“slightaffinity”）.praffin[‘parfin]n.煤油，石蠟,鏈烷烴inertness惰性affinis[田'finis]近緣的affinity[,finiti]密切關(guān)系，親合力Similarly,themembersofanyparticularclassoforganiccompoundsdonotshowidenticalphysicalorchemicalbehavior,although,ingeneral,thesimilaritiesarestriking.類似地，盡管任何一族有機(jī)化合物的成員其物理化學(xué)性質(zhì)不完全一致，但通常它們的相似性是驚人的。Bymeansof:用，以，依靠Toweld(焊接)metalsispossiblebymeansofheatproducedbyacurrent.利用電流產(chǎn)生的熱可以焊接金屬。byallmeans的意思是“一定”、“無論如何”、“用一切手段”。例：Youmustbringhimherebyallmeans.Thisprojectmustberealizedbyallmeans.byallmeans亦可用于回答，表示有禮貌的同意，作“好的”、“當(dāng)然可以”。MayIhaveone?—Yes,byallmeans.我可以拿一個(gè)嗎？ 當(dāng)然可以。Bynomeans的意思是"決不"，相當(dāng)于notatall.Sheisbynomeansbright.她一點(diǎn)兒也不聰明。Iwillbynomeansconsent.我決不同意。請注意下列三點(diǎn)： _byallmeans和bynomeans的means永遠(yuǎn)用復(fù)數(shù)形式。byallmeans與byallmannerofmeans通用；bynomeans可與bynomannerofmeans換用，但后者只作特別強(qiáng)調(diào)，不如前者普遍。byanymeans的意思是"總之”；bysomemeans(orother)的意思是“用某種方式(或方法)”。Locatethelongestcontinuouschainofatomsintheformulaforthecompound.找出化合物分子式中最長鏈的原子Namethecompoundasaderivativeofthehydrocarbon,whichcorrespondstothislongestcontinuouschainofcarbonatoms.derivative[di,rivtiv]adj.引出的n.派生物，派生詞命名該化合物為與最長鏈碳原子數(shù)相符的烴衍生物。Locateallsidechainsbynumbersothatthesumofnumberhasthelowestpossiblevalue.用數(shù)字確定所有支鏈位置，使(支鏈位置的)數(shù)字盡可能有最小值。Nameallsidechainsasprefixesbydropping"ane"fromthenameofthehydrocarbonhavingthesamenumberofcarbonatomsasthesidechain,andadding“yl”.把所有支鏈作為前綴，通過將具有相同碳原子數(shù)烴的名字中的-ane去掉后加上-yl來命名該支鏈。Example:2,4-dimethyl-3-ethylhexaneLesson6生詞和詞組Methane[‘me0ein]n.[化]甲烷，沼氣Bondangles鍵角parent父母，根源fadesinto減弱brethren[‘bredrn]n弟兄們，同胞.Primeval[prai,mi:vl]adj.原始的broth[br3(:)9]n.肉湯Morphine[m3:fi:n]n.嗎啡peptide[‘peptaid]n.縮氨酸symmetrical[si'metrikl]adj.對稱的，均勻的tetrahedral[‘tetr'hedrl]adv.有四面的，四面體的depict[di'pikt]vt.描述，描寫Symmetry[‘simitri]n.對稱，勻稱Representation['reprizen'teijn]n.表示法，表現(xiàn)，陳述，請求，扮演，畫像，繼承，代表Fashion[‘f司n]n.樣子，方式，流行,vt.形成，造，作，把...塑造成，使適應(yīng),使適合，改變ideality[‘a(chǎn)idi'田liti]n.理想ethane[‘eOein]n.[化]乙烷ConformationalIsomerism構(gòu)象異構(gòu)化[‘k3nf3:、meijnl]adj.[化]構(gòu)象的Isomerism[ai's3mrizm]n.異性three-quartersview側(cè)視head-onview正視eclipse[I'klips]n.食，日蝕，月蝕，蒙蔽，衰落vt.引起日蝕，引起月蝕，超越，使黯然失色stagger[‘st史g]v.搖晃，交錯(cuò)，搖擺adj.交錯(cuò)的Isomer[‘a(chǎn)isum]n.異構(gòu)體subtle[‘sAtl]adj.狡猾的，敏感的，微妙的，精細(xì)的，稀薄的twisting[‘twistin]扭曲Conformers順式異構(gòu)體Rotamers旋轉(zhuǎn)異構(gòu)體eclipsedconformation重疊構(gòu)象staggeredconformation交叉構(gòu)象intuitively直覺得interference['int‘firns]n.沖突，干涉Intramolecular['intrm‘lekjul]作用[存在、發(fā)生]于分子內(nèi)的nonbondedinterference非成鍵干擾nonbondedstrain非成鍵張力ordinaryroomtemperature普通室溫interconversion互換現(xiàn)象conformations構(gòu)型interconversionoftheconformations構(gòu)型互換需要掌握的詞和詞組Methane甲烷bondangles鍵角molecularformula分子式sp3-hybridizedcarbonatomsymmetricalmolecule對稱的分子tetrahedralsymmetry四面體對稱Ethane乙烷three-dimensionalmolecule三維分子molecularweight分子量Isomers異構(gòu)體absolutezero絕度零度ordinaryroomtemperatue普通室溫thermalenergy熱能句子理解Itisthesmalleststableorganicmolecule,anditssizefadesintoinsignificancewhencomparedwithsomeofitslargerbrethren.它是最小的穩(wěn)定的有機(jī)分子，與其他較大的同系物比較，它的大小顯得重要。fadeinto變暗淡，漸漸退去Onthebasisofabundantexperimentalevidence,methaneisnowrecognizedtobeasymmetrical[si’metrikl]moleculeinwhichthefourhydrogensareattachedtothecentralcarbonbytetrahedrally['tetr’hedrli]directedbondsofequallength.以大量的實(shí)驗(yàn)證據(jù)為基礎(chǔ)，現(xiàn)在認(rèn)為甲烷是對稱分子，其中四個(gè)氫原子以相等的長度按照四面體定向連接在中心碳原子上。Thehydrogensaresaidtobeequivalent,foreachoneisrelatedtotheremainderofthemoleculeinpreciselythesamefashion.這些氫原子是等價(jià)的，因?yàn)榉肿又械拿恳粋€(gè)氫原子都精確地按照同樣的方式與其余原子相聯(lián)系。besaidtobe被說成是 havetobesaid不得不說Twoofthebondsinthemoleculehaveslightlymorepcharacterthanasp3hybridorbitalprovides,andtwoofthebondshaveslightlyless.分子中的兩個(gè)鍵比sp3雜化軌道提供的鍵具有稍強(qiáng)的P軌道特性，而另外兩個(gè)鍵則有稍弱的P軌道特性。Fortunately,thedeparturefromstricttetrahedralgeometryisusuallynomorethanafewdegreesinmostcompoundscontainingsp3-type-hybridizedcarbonatoms.幸運(yùn)地是，在大多數(shù)包含5口3雜化碳原子的化合物中，偏離嚴(yán)格意義的四面體幾何結(jié)構(gòu)通常不過幾度。nomorethan只是，僅僅，同 樣不，不過辨析：notmore 小@口=不如 nomore m2勾=和 一樣不（否定兩者）notless than=不如 不（指不如less后形容詞的反面）noless m2勾=和 一樣（肯定兩者）例：Youaremorecarefulthanheis.你比他仔細(xì)。Youarenotmorecarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細(xì)。Youarenomorecarefulthanheis.你和他一樣不仔細(xì)。Youarelesscarefulthanheis.你不如他仔細(xì)（你比他粗心）。Youarenotlesscarefulthanheis.你比他仔細(xì)（你不如他粗心）。Youarenolesscarefulthanheis.你和他一樣仔細(xì)。Consequently,thegeneralstatementscontainingthestructureandchemistryofthesecompoundsneednotbesignificantlymodifiedbythesesmalldeparturesfromideality.因此，在一般的論述這些化合物的結(jié)構(gòu)和化學(xué)（性質(zhì)）時(shí)無需特意修正這種小偏差。Thetwo-carboncalledethanehasthemolecularformulaC2H6andcontainstwosp3-hybridizedcarbons.含有兩個(gè)C（的烷烴）稱為乙烷，它的分子式為C2H6,含有兩個(gè)$「3雜化碳原子。Letus,forthemoment,concentrateourattentiononjustoneofthepossibilities,specificallytheoneshowninFig.1,inwhichthehydrogenofCH3groupsasclosetoeachotheraspossible.現(xiàn)在，讓我們注意其中一種可能的情況，特別是圖1中的那種，甲基中的氫原子都是盡可能地互相靠近。Thisstructurecanberepresented[jrepriZentid]byaathree-quartersview”orbya“head-onview”,inwhichtheviewerlooksdirectlydowntheaxisofthecarbon-carbonbond（oftenreferredtoNewmanprojection）.這種結(jié)構(gòu)可以由3/4視圖或正視圖來表示，正視圖是指觀察者直接沿著碳-碳鍵軸觀察（通常指紐曼投影圖）Quiteclearly,thehydrogensonthe“front”CH3grouparedirectlyinfrontofthehygrogensonthe“back”CH3group,eclipsingthem.很清楚，前面甲基中的碳原子直接位于后面甲基中碳原子的前面，遮住了它們。Amoresubtlekindofisomerismisillustratedbytheeclipsedandstaggeredformsofethane.一種更微妙的異構(gòu)現(xiàn)象是乙烷（表現(xiàn)出）的重疊構(gòu)象和交叉構(gòu)象。Theyaresaidtobeconformationalisomers（alsocalledconformersorrotamers）;anyparticulartwistformiscalledconformation.它們被稱為構(gòu)象異構(gòu)體（也叫順式異構(gòu)或旋轉(zhuǎn)異構(gòu)）；任何特定的扭曲形式都稱為構(gòu)象。Theideathatthestaggeredconformationisatalowerenergylevelthantheeclipsedconformationisintuitivelyappealing,forthegreaterdistancebetween

thehydrogensinthestaggeredconformationproduceslessinterferencebetweenthehydrogensthanintheeclipsedconformation.交叉構(gòu)象比重疊構(gòu)象能量低這一觀點(diǎn)是直觀的，因?yàn)榻徊鏄?gòu)象中原子之間的較大距離產(chǎn)生的干擾比重疊構(gòu)象的干擾小。主語idea，系詞is表語appealing令人感興趣的that從句做后置定語修飾ideaFor引導(dǎo)原因狀語從句原因狀語從句中thegreatdistance做主語Produces做謂語Intramolecularencounterofthissortisoftencalled“nonbonded”interference,indicatingthattheinteractinggroups（e.g.,thehydrogensinthecaseofethane）arenotdirectlybonded:thestrainarisingfromthisencounteriscalled“nonbondedstrain”.這種分子內(nèi)的相互作用通常被稱為非成鍵干擾，表明相互作用的基團(tuán)不是直接成鍵的：由這種（分子內(nèi)的）相互作用引起的應(yīng)力稱為非鍵合應(yīng)力。Thestaggeredconformation,lowerinenergy,willalwaysbemoreheavilypopulatedthantheeclipsedconformation,butthelifetimeofanyparticularmoleculeinanyparticularconformationwillbeshort（＜10-6sec）.交叉構(gòu)象，（由于）能量較低，將總是比重疊構(gòu)象更占優(yōu)勢，但是任何構(gòu)象的壽命都很短（小于10-6秒）。Lesson11Lesson11Macromolecules生詞:macromolecule[,m田kru'molikju:l]高分子polymer[‘polim]聚合物（體）molecular[mu'lekjul]adj.分子的dimer[‘daim]n.二聚物trimer[‘traim]三聚體，三聚物tetramer[‘tetrm]n.四聚物synthetic[sin'。etik]adj.合成的，人造的ellulose[‘seljulus]n.纖維素Protein[‘pruti:n]n.蛋白質(zhì)hypothesis[hai'po9isis]n.假說，假設(shè)，前提Laureate[‘lo:riit]n.資金[榮譽(yù)]獲得者Fiber[‘faib]纖維Fabric[‘f田brik]織物，布Vulcanization[vAlknai'zeijan]n（橡膠）硫化Merit[‘merit]n.長處，優(yōu)點(diǎn)Polysaccharide[poli's史kraid]n.多醣,聚糖，solubility[,solju'biliti]可溶解性；Fusibility可熔性Graphite[‘gr缶fait]n.石墨Configuration[kn,figju'reijan]n.形狀，外貌Asymmetric[缶si'metrik]adj.不均勻，不對稱的Enantiomer[I'n田ntium]n.對映（結(jié)構(gòu)）體Isotactic[,aisu’t出k