全高考必考語法精講精練：定語從句

高考必考語法精講精練：定語從句基本概念：定語從句:在復(fù)合句中修飾名詞或代詞、充當定語的句子叫定語從句。因其功能相當于形容詞，所以又稱為。先行詞:被定語從句所修飾的名詞或代詞。關(guān)系詞:引導定語從句的詞，也叫引導詞。分為關(guān)系代詞（who，whom，that，which，whose,as）和關(guān)系副詞(where，when，why)。關(guān)系詞要在定語從句中作某個成分，如主語、賓語、狀語等。關(guān)系詞及其意義：關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞功能有三個：①用來引導定語從句，在先行詞和定語從句之間起紐帶作用，使二者聯(lián)系起來。②關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞可作定語從句的一個成分。關(guān)系代詞可作主語、賓語、定語；關(guān)系副詞可作狀語。③關(guān)系代詞和關(guān)系副詞在從句中代替在他前面的先行詞。一、關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句1．who指人，在定語從句中作主語。①TheboyswhoareplayingfootballarefromClassOne.②YesterdayIhelpedanoldmanwhohadlosthisway.③Thatistheteacherwhoteachesusphysics.2．whom指人，在定語從句中做賓語，?？墒÷?。①MrLiuistheperson(whom)youtalkedaboutonthebus.②LiMingisjusttheboy(whom)Iwanttosee.③Theprofessor(whom)youarewaitingforhascome.④Thegirl(whom)theteacheroftenpraisesisourmonitor.注意：關(guān)系代詞whom在口語或非正式文體中?？捎脀ho來代替，也可省略。Theman(whom/who)youmetjustnowismyoldfriend.3．which指物，在定語從句中做主語或賓語，做賓語可省略。①Footballisagamewhichislikedbymostboys.②Thefactorywhichmakescomputersisfarawayfromhere.③Helikestoreadbookswhicharewrittenbyforeignwriters.④Thehousewhichisbythelakelooksnice.⑤Thisisthepen(which)heboughtyesterday.⑥Thefilm(which)theysawlastnightwasnotinterestingatall.4．that指人時，相當于who或whom；指物時，相當于which。在定語從句中作主語或賓語，作賓語時?？梢允÷?。①Thenumberofpeoplethat/whocometovisitthiscityeveryyearreachesonemillion.②Whereisthemanthat/whomIsawthismorning?③Thepersonthat/whomyouintroducedtomeisverykind.④Theseasonthat/whichcomesafterspringissummer.⑤YesterdayIreceivedaletterthat/whichcamefromAustralia.

5．whose通常指人，也可指物，在定語從句中做定語。①Ivisitedascientistwhosenameisknownalloverthecountry.②Hehasafriendwhosefatherisadoctor.③Ioncelivedinthehousewhoseroofhasfallen.注意：指物時，常用下列結(jié)構(gòu)來代替：①Theclassroomwhosedoorisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.②Theclassroomthedoorofwhichisbrokenwillsoonberepaired.③Doyoulikethebookwhosecoverisyellow?④Doyoulikethebookthecoverofwhichisyellow?關(guān)系代詞that與which的區(qū)別（一）只用that不用which的情況：1、先行詞是everything,nothing,anything,much,little,none等不定代詞或由不定代詞any,some,no,much,few,little,every,all等修飾時,引導定語從句用that不用which。例如：①Finally,thethiefhandedeverythingthathehadstolen.②Thereseemstobenothingthatisimpossibletohimintheworld.③ThereislittlethatIcandoforyou.2、先行詞被形容詞最高級或序數(shù)詞修飾且指物時,引導定語從句用that。例如：①ThisisthebestbookthatIhaveeverread.②ThefirstplacethattheyvisitedinLondonwastheBigBen.3、先行詞中既有人又有事物時，引導定語從句用that。如：①Wetalkedaboutthethingsandpersonsthatwesawthen.②Lookatthemanandhisdogthatarewalkingupthestreet.4、先行詞被theonly，thevery,justthe等修飾且指物時,引導定語從句用that。例如：ThisistheverydictionarythatIwanttobuy.注意：當先行詞指人時，偶爾也可用關(guān)系代詞who。例如：HeistheonlypersonthatIwanttoseenow.5、當先行詞前面有who/which等疑問代詞時，只用that。例如：①Whoisthemanthatisstandingthere?②WhichistheT-shirtthatfitsmemost?6、定語從句內(nèi)容為解釋名詞的性質(zhì)、概念時，需用that。例如：Aplaneisamachinethatcanfly.（二）只用which不用that的情況1、指物，介詞后。例如：IstillrememberthedayonwhichIfirstgottoParis.2、用于非限制定語從句中。例如：Sheheardaterriblenoise，whichbroughtherheartintohermouth.3、先行詞是that,those時。例如：ThatisthebookwhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.4、一個句子有兩個定語從句，為避免重復(fù)，一個用that，另一個用which。例如：Isthereanythingthatisnotexpensivewhichwecanbuyforherasagift?二、theway作先行詞的定語從句比較下列句子，理解關(guān)系詞，并分析原因：①Theway(that/inwhich/×)heansweredthequestionwassurprising.②Idon'tliketheway(that/inwhich)youlaughather.歸納：（1）當關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作狀語時，關(guān)系詞用inwhich，that或者省略；（2）當關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作主語時，關(guān)系詞用that或which；（3）當關(guān)系詞在定語從句中作賓語時，關(guān)系詞用that，which或省略。三、介詞+關(guān)系代詞引導的定語從句關(guān)系代詞在定語從句中作介詞賓語時，從句常常由"介詞+關(guān)系代詞"引出。①Theschool(which/that)heoncestudiedinisveryfamous.=Theschoolinwhichheoncestudiedisveryfamous.②I'llbringherethemagazine(which/that)youaskedfor.=I'llbringherethemagazineforwhichyouasked.③Thisistheboy(whom/who/that)Iplayedtenniswithyesterday.=ThisistheboywithwhomIplayedtennisyesterday.④We'llgotohearthefamoussinger(whom/who/that)wehaveoftentalkedabout.=We'llgotohearthefamoussingeraboutwhomwehaveoftentalked.1、單個介詞（in/with/on/by）+關(guān)系代詞(whom,which)①ThetwothingofwhichtheyfeltveryproudwereJim'sgoldwatchandDella'shair.②Aharvesterisamanwhoisharvestingoramachinewithwhichweharvestcrops.注意：介詞確定的依據(jù)A、依從句中的動詞,形容詞,名詞與介詞的固定搭配而定；B、依先行詞與從句中動詞的關(guān)系及所表達的含義而定。2、介詞短語+關(guān)系代詞(which,whom,whose)常用的介詞短語有:someof,bothof,asaresultof,atthebackof，becauseof,infrontof,inthemiddleof,atthebottomof,onthetopof,atthefootof等。①Thereisagreatpaininmyrightfoot,becauseofwhichIcanonlylimpalong.②Theyarrivedatafarmhouse,infrontofwhichsatanoldman.注意:含有介詞的動詞短語一般不能拆開,如lookafter,lookfor,takecareof,takepartin,lookforwardto等。例如：①Thisisthewatch(which/that)Iamlookingfor.(正)②ThisisthewatchforwhichIamlooking.(誤)③Thebabies(whom/who/that)thenurseislookingafterareveryhealthy.(正)④Thebabiesafterwhomthenurseislookingareveryhealthy.（誤）3、單個介詞+關(guān)系代詞(which,whose)+名詞介詞要依介詞與關(guān)系代詞后的名詞的搭配習慣而定。例如：①HelivedinLondonforthreemonths,duringwhichtimehelearnedsomeEnglish.②OurEnglishteacher,withwhosehelpwehavemadegreatprogressinEnglish,hascompletedthirtyyearsofteaching.4、the+名詞+of+關(guān)系代詞(which,whom)結(jié)構(gòu)中的名詞和后面的關(guān)系代詞有所屬關(guān)系。例如：ThisisthebookthecoverofwhichisdesignedbyMrJones.=Thisisthebook,whosecoverisdesignedbyMrJones.5、部分詞匯/結(jié)構(gòu)+of+關(guān)系代詞(1)all,both,none,neither,either,many,most,few,several,enough,half,some,any,one,two,three,themajority,anumber,theyoungest等。(2)數(shù)詞(基數(shù)詞,序數(shù)詞,百分數(shù),分數(shù))+名詞(3)the+形容詞最高級/比較級①Herearetwopairsofsocks,eitherofwhichyoumaychoose.②Thefootballteamhas15members,theoldestofwhomis25yearsold.③Heloveshisparentsdeeply,bothofwhomareverykindtohim.④Therearemanyapples,someofwhichhavegonebad.⑤Therearefortystudentsinourclass,mostofwhomarefrombigcities.⑥Hehaswrittentenstories，threeofwhichareaboutcountrylife.四、關(guān)系代詞as與which的用法as和which引導非限制性定語從句時，其用法有相同之處，也有不同之處。具體情況是：1.as和which都可以在定語從句中做主語或賓語，代表前面整個句子。如：①Hemarriedher,as/whichwasnatural.②Heishonest,as/whichwecansee.2.as引導的非限制性定語從句可以放在主句之前、主句之后，甚至還可以分割主句。which引導的非限制性定語從句只可放在主句之后。另外，as常常有"正如、正像"的含義。如：①Asisknowntoall,Chinaisadevelopingcountry.②Heisfromthesouth,aswecanknowfromhisaccent.③John,asyouknow,isafamouswriter.④Theairqualityinthecity,asisshowninthereport,hasimprovedoverthepasttwomonths.(2012·福建高考)⑤HehasbeentoParistentimes,whichIdon'tbelieve.

注意：當主句和從句之間存在著邏輯上的因果關(guān)系時，關(guān)系詞往往只用which。如①Tomwaslateforschoolagainandagain,whichmadehisteacherveryangry.②Thistableismadeofmetal,whichmadeitveryheavy.3.當先行詞受such,thesame修飾時，關(guān)系詞常用as。如：①I'veneverheardsuchstoriesashetells.②Heisnotsuchafoolashelooks.③ThisisthesamedictionaryasIlostlastweek.注意：當先行詞受thesame修飾時，也可能用that引導定語從句，但與as引導的定語從句意思有區(qū)別。如：SheworethesamedressthatsheworeatMary'swedding.她穿著她在瑪麗婚禮上穿過的同一條連衣裙。Sheworethesamedressasheryoungersisterwore.她穿著跟她妹妹所穿的一樣的連衣裙。五、關(guān)系副詞引導的定語從句1.when指時間，在定語從句中作時間狀語。①IstillrememberthedaywhenIfirstcametothisschool.②Thetimewhenwegottogetherfinallyarrived.③October1,1949wasthedaywhenthePeople'sRepublicofChinawasfounded.2.where指地點，在定語從句中作地點狀語。①ShanghaiisthecitywhereIwasborn.②ThehousewhereIlivedtenyearsagohasbeenpulleddown.③Ivisitedthefarmwherealotofcowswereraised.④Isthistheplacewheretheyfoughttheenemy?3.why指原因，在定語從句中作原因狀語。①Pleasetellmethereasonwhyyoumissedtheplane.②Thereasonwhyhewaspunishedisunknowntous.③Idon'tknowthereasonwhyhelooksunhappytoday.注意：引導定語從句的關(guān)系副詞可以用"介詞+which"來替換。例如：①Istillrememberthedaywhen(=onwhich)Ifirstcametothisschool.②Greatchangeshavetakenplacewhere(inwhich)welive.③Thereasonwhy(=forwhich)herefusedtheinvitationisquiteclear.六、一些特殊詞之后的where如果定語從句用來修飾point,situation,part,condition和case等表示抽象意義的詞，并且作狀語，要用where引導定語從句，意思是"到了某種地步，在某種境況中"，這種現(xiàn)象叫做地點模糊化。常見的表地點的模糊化名詞還有：occasion,circumstance,state,degree,extent,stage,level,period,aspect等。例如：①Ihavecometothe

pointwhereIcan'tstandhim.②Thecountryisinthe

situationwhereawarwillbreakoutatanytime.③Wearetryingtoreacha

pointwherebothsideswillsitdowntogetherandtalk.④Icanthinkofmany

cases

wherestudentsobviouslyknowalotofEnglishwordsandexpressionsbutcouldn'twriteagoodessay.⑤It'shelpfultoputchildrenina

situation

wheretheycanseethemselvesdifferently.注意：如果不作狀語，則用關(guān)系代詞that/which。例如：Rememberthatthereisstillone

point

whichwemustmakeclearattheconferencetomorrow.高考英語短文改錯及語法填空分析與訓練：定語從句考點規(guī)律分析:定語從句短文改錯考點主要涉及定語從句引導詞的誤用、缺失以及多余；語法填空主要考查根據(jù)先行詞及上下文填合適的引導詞。定語從句單句改錯之真題訓練：1.…inotherplacesyouarelimitedtoacertainnumber,ofthatsomemaybenovels.(全國卷)2.Ialsoenjoyedtheeveningswhenwespenttogether.(全國卷)3.IliveinBeijing,whereisthecapitalofChina.(全國卷)4.Ihaveagoodfriendwho'snameisLiuMei.(福建卷)5.(2016·四川)ThedisheswhatIcookedwereMom'sfavorite.定語從句單句改錯之模擬訓練：1.Heisthemanhiscarwasstolen.2.That'sthehotelwhichwewerestayinglastsummer.3.That'sthepalacewherewevisitedlastsummer.4.It'sreallyabeautifulplace,whereeveryonehopestovisit.定語從句單句改錯之提升訓練：1.Thisisthefactorywherewevisitedlastweek.2.ThisisthewatchforwhichTomislooking.3.ThepersontowhoyouspokeisastudentofGradeTwo.4.Thehouseinthatweliveisverysmall.5.Thesungivesofflightandwarmth,thatmakesitpossibleforplantstogrow.6.I'vereadallthebookswhichIborrowedfromthelibrary.7.ThisisthebestfilmwhichIhaveeverseen.8.MyfatherandMr.Smithtalkedaboutthingsandpersonswhotheyrememberedinthecountry.9.Everythingwhichwesawwasofgreatinterest.10.Hisdog,thatwasnowveryold,becameillanddied.11.Thereasonwhichhedidn'tgotoschoolisthathewasill.12.Thosewhowantstogowithmeputupyourhands.13.Theboy,hismotherdiedlastyear,studiesveryhard.14.Ihavetwosisters,bothofthemaredoctors.15.We'regoingtovisittheschoolwhereyourbrotherworksthere.16.HeistheonlyoneofthestudentswhohavebeeninvitedtotheEnglishEvening.17.Thatisthewaywhichtheywork.18.Thosehavequestionscanasktheteachersforadvice.19.Whoisthemanwhohaswhitehairs?20.Iwillneverforgetthedayswhichwehadagoodtimetogetheratthesea.定語從句單句語法填空之真題訓練：1.(2016·全國Ⅰ，65)MyconnectionwithpandasgoesbacktomydaysonaTVshowinthemid－1980s,________IwasthefirstWesternTVreporter.2.(2016·全國Ⅱ，閱讀A)Simonisacomedianandactor_______has10years'experienceofteachingcomedy.3.(2016·全國Ⅱ，閱讀D)FrankHurley,aconfidentandgiftedAustralianphotographerwhoknewtheAntarctic,washiredtomaketheimages,mostof________haveneverbeforebeenpublished.4.(2016·全國Ⅲ，47)SomepeoplethinkthatthegreatChinesescholarConfucius，________livedfromroughly551to479B．C,influencedthedevelopmentofchopsticks.5.(2016·全國Ⅲ，完形)WhenIwas13myonlypurposewastobecomethestaronourfootballteam.ThatmeantbeatingoutMillerKing,________wasthebestplayeratourschool.6.(2016·北京，22)Ilivenextdoortoacouple________childrenoftenmakealotofnoise.7.(2016·四川，閱讀C)Iprefertoworkinblackandwhite,________allowsmetoshowdifferentspecificworldsmoreclearly.8.(2016·四川，閱讀D)Researchershavediscoveredthat"nightmilk"containsmoremelatonin(褪黑激素),________hasbeenproventohelppeoplefeelsleepyandreduceanxiety.9.(2016·江蘇，23)Manyyoungpeople,mostof________werewell－educated，headedforremoteregionstochasetheirdreams.10.(2016·浙江，11)Scientistshaveadvancedmanytheoriesaboutwhyhumanbeingscrytears,noneof________hasbeenproved.11.(2015·江蘇，21)Thenumberofsmokers,________isreported,hasdroppedby17percentinjustoneyear.12.(2015·湖南，29)Itisatrulydelightfulplace,________looksthesameasitmusthavedone100yearsagowithitswindingstreetsandprettycottages.13.(2015·浙江，19)Creatinganatmospherein________employeesfeelpartofateamisabigchallenge.14.(2015·重慶，14)Hewrotemanychildren'sbooks,nearlyhalfof________werepublishedinthe1990s.15.(2015·四川，3)Thebooksonthedesk，________coversareshiny，areprizesforus.16.(2015·安徽，28)Someexpertsthinkreadingisthefundamentalskillupon________schooleducationdepends.17.(2015·福建，34)ChinaTodayattractsaworldwidereadership，________showsthatmoreandmorepeopleallovertheworldwanttolearnaboutChina.18.(2014·安徽，22)Theexactyear________AngelaandherfamilyspenttogetherinChinawas2008.19.(2014·北京，26)IborrowedthebookSherlockHolmesfromthelibrarylastweek，________myclassmatesrecommendedtome.20.(2014·山東，10)Acompany________profitsfromhomemarketsaredecliningmayseekopportunitiesabroad.21.(2014·重慶，9)We'llreachthesalestargetsinamonth________wesetatthebeginningoftheyear.22.(2014·四川，4)Untilnow，wehaveraised50,000poundsforthepoorchildren，________isquiteunexpected.23.(2014·陜西，13)Pleasesendusalltheinformation________youhaveaboutthecandidatefortheposition.24.(2015·北京，24)OppositeisSt.Paul'sChurch,________youcanhearsomelovelymusic.25.(2015·陜西，15)Asthesmallestchildofhisfamily，Alexisalwayslongingforthetime________heshouldbeabletobeindependent.26.(2015·天津，15)Thebossofthecompanyistryingtocreateaneasyatmosphere________hisemployeesenjoytheirwork.27.(2014·福建，31)Studentsshouldinvolvethemselvesincommunityactivities________theycangainexperienceforgrowth.28.(2014·浙江，5)Ididn'tbecomeaseriousclimberuntilthefifthgrade，________Iwentuptorescueakitethatwasstuckinthebranchesofatree.參考答案及解析定語從句單句改錯之真題訓練：1.that改為which，因介詞后要用which來引導定語從句2.去掉when或?qū)hen改為that，因這里的定語從句中謂語動詞(spent)缺賓語，故只能用關(guān)系代詞that或?qū)⑵涫÷?.where改為which，因此處要填關(guān)系代詞作主語4.who's改為whose，因who's=whois，不僅結(jié)構(gòu)錯誤，而且意思也不通；whose引導定語從句，表示"……的"定語從句單句改錯之模擬訓練：1.his改為whose，whose在此引導定語從句。2.which改為where，where引導定語從句且在從句中用作狀語；此題還可在staying后加in。3.where改為which/that，也可去掉where，因visit為及物動詞，此處應(yīng)用關(guān)系代詞作其賓語（也可省略）。4.where改為which，which在此引導非限定性定語從句，且在從句中用作賓語(用作visit的賓語)。5．what→which/that或去掉what考查定語從句，并在從句中作賓語，指物，用關(guān)系代詞that/which，也可省略。定語從句單句改錯之提升訓練：1.where→that/which或去掉where。2.把for放在looking之后。英語中,有些短語動詞,介詞或副詞不可與動詞相分離。又如:lookafter,runinto等。3.who→whom。盡管在口語中who,whom都能作賓語,但在介詞后只能用whom。4.that→which。5.that→which。that不可以引導非限制性定語從句。6.which→that或去掉which。當先行詞被all,every,no,some,any,little等修飾時,常用that引導定語從句。7.which→that或去掉which。當先行詞被序數(shù)詞、形容詞的最高級或theonly,thevery等所修飾時,常用that引導定語從句。8.who→that。如果先行詞既指人又指物時,常用that引導定語從句。9.which→that或去掉which。當先行詞為something,anything,everything,nothing,all等時,常由that引導定語從句。10.that→which。11.which→why/which前加for或去掉which。12.wants→want。定語從句中謂語動詞的數(shù)應(yīng)與先行詞一致。13.his→whose。14.them→whom或both前加and。15.去掉there。16.have→has。當oneof+名詞復(fù)數(shù)作先行詞時,從句的謂語用復(fù)數(shù);但是當one前有the(only)時,從句謂語要用單數(shù)。17.which→that/which前加in或去掉which。18.Those后加who。19.第二個who→that。當主句是以who或which開頭的疑問句時,定語從句常用that引導,以避免重復(fù)。20.which→when或which前加in。定語從句單句語法填空之真題訓練：1．when[由句子結(jié)構(gòu)可以判斷這是一個定語從句，先行詞是表示時間的inthemid－1980s，從句中缺少狀語，因此填寫關(guān)系副詞when。]2．who/that[考查定語從句的關(guān)系代詞，先行詞是acomedianandactor，在從句中做主語，所以用who或者that。]3．which[考查定語從句。介詞后跟關(guān)系代詞，先行詞為images，所以用which。]4．who[考查定語從句。后面是非限制性定語從句，先行詞指人，故用who。]5．who[考查定語從句。先行詞為MillerKing，故用who。]6．whose[考查定語從句。句意：我住在一對夫婦的隔壁，他們的孩子經(jīng)常弄出很大的噪音。先行詞為couple，由句意可知children與couple之間為所屬關(guān)系，故用關(guān)系代詞whose。]7．which[考查非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，先行詞是前面的整個句子。]8．which[考查非限制性定語從句，從句中缺少主語，先行詞是melatonin。]9．whom[考查定語從句的用法。句意：很多年輕人前往偏遠地區(qū)去追逐他們的夢想，他們中的很多人都受過良好教育。根據(jù)句子結(jié)構(gòu)可知，此處為定語從句，先行詞為Manyyoungpeople，作介詞of的賓語，故要用whom。]10．which[考查定語從句。句意：科學家們已經(jīng)提出許多關(guān)于人類為什么哭泣會流淚的