新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程

1、新編簡(jiǎn)明英語(yǔ)語(yǔ)言學(xué)教程Chapter one Introduction一、定義1.語(yǔ)言學(xué)LinguisticsLinguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language.2.普通語(yǔ)言學(xué)General LinguisticsThe study of language as a whole is often called General linguistics.3.語(yǔ)言languageLanguage is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for humancommuni

2、cation.語(yǔ)言是人類(lèi)用來(lái)交際的任意性的有聲符號(hào)體系。4.識(shí)別特征Design FeaturesIt refers to the defining poperties of human language that distinguish itfrom any animal system of communication.語(yǔ)言識(shí)別特征是指人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言區(qū)別與其他任何動(dòng)物的交際體系的限定性特征。Arbitrariness任意性Productivity多產(chǎn)性Duality雙重性Displacement移位性Cultural transmission文化傳遞arbitrarinessThere is no

3、 logical connection between meanings and sounds.P.S the arbitrary nature of language is a sign of sophistication and itmakes it possible for language to have an unlimited source of expressionsProductivityAnimals are quite limited in the messages they are able to send.DualityLanguage is a system, whi

4、ch consists of two sets of structures ,or twolevels.DisplacementLanguage can be used to refer to contexts removed from the immediatesituations of the speaker.Cultural transmissionHuman capacity for language has a genetic basis, but we have to betaught and learned the details of any language system.

5、this showed thatlanguage is culturally transmitted. not by instinct. animals are born withthe capacity to produce the set of calls peculiar to their species.5.語(yǔ)言能力CompetenceCompetence is the ideal users knowledge of the rules of his language.6.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用performancePerformance is the actual realization of

6、this knowledge in linguisticcommunication.語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用是所掌握的規(guī)則在語(yǔ)言交際中的體現(xiàn)。7.歷時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Diachronic linguisticsThe study of language change through time. a diachronic study oflanguage is a historical study, which studies the historical development oflanguage over a period of time.8.共時(shí)語(yǔ)言學(xué)Synchronical linguisticsThe stu

7、dy of a given language at a given time.9.語(yǔ)言langueThe abstract linguistic system shared by all members of a speechcommunity.10.言語(yǔ)paroleThe realization of langue in actual use.11.規(guī)定性PrescriptiveIt aims to lay down rules for correct behavior, to tell people what theyshould say and what should not say.1

8、2.描述性DescriptiveA linguistic study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse.二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1.language is not an isolated phenomenon, its a social activity carried outin a certain social environment by human beings.語(yǔ)言不是一種孤立的現(xiàn)象，而是人類(lèi)在一定的社會(huì)環(huán)境下進(jìn)行的一種社會(huì)活動(dòng)。2.幾種觀點(diǎn)和現(xiàn)象的提出者：瑞士語(yǔ)言學(xué)家F.de Saussure F.de Saussure

9、:Langue和parole的區(qū)別U.S.A linguist N.Chomsky美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家N.Chomskyin1950針對(duì)Saussures langueparole提出Competence和performance曾經(jīng)對(duì)語(yǔ)言概念下過(guò)定義的語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Sapir-language is a purely human and non-instinctive method ofcommunication ideas, emotions and desires by means of voluntarilyproduced symbols.Hall-language is the instituti

10、on whereby humans communicate andinteract with each other by means of habitually used oral-auditoryarbitrary symbols.Chomsky-from now on I will consider language to be a set of sentences,each finite in length and constructed out of a finite set of elements.U.S.A Linguist Charles Hockett美國(guó)語(yǔ)言學(xué)家Charles

11、 Hockett提出了語(yǔ)言的識(shí)別特征design features3.the word language preceded by the zero-article ,it implies thatlinguistics studies not any particular language.Language一詞前不加冠詞說(shuō)明語(yǔ)言學(xué)家不只研究一種特定的語(yǔ)言。4.in order to discover the nature of the underlying language system ,whatthe linguists has to do first if to study langua

12、ge facts.5.language is a complicated entity with multiple layers and facts, so it'shardly possible for the linguistics to deal with it all at once. 判斷題6.Frist drew the attention of the linguists were the sounds used inlanguages.最先引起語(yǔ)言學(xué)家注意的是語(yǔ)言的發(fā)音。三、問(wèn)答題1.what are major branches of linguistics? wha

13、t does each study?Phonetics-its defined as the study of the phonic medium of language,its concerned with all the sounds that occur in the worlds languages.Phonology-the study of sounds systemsthe inventory of distinctivesounds that occur in a language and the patterns into which they fall.Morphology

14、-Its a branch of a grammar which studies the internalstructure of words and the rules by which words are formed.Syntax-it's a subfield of linguistics that studies the sentence structureof a language.Semantics-Its simply defined as the study of meaning in abstraction.Pragmatics-the study of meani

15、ng in context of words.Sociolinguisticsthe study of language with reference to society.Psycholinguistics-the study of language with reference to the workingof the mind.Applied linguistics-the application of linguistic principles and theoriesto language teaching and learning.2.why do we say language

16、is arbitrary?Language is arbitrary in the sense that there is no intrinsic connectionbetween the sounds that people use and the objects to which these soundsrefer.The fact that different languages have different words for the same objectis a good illustration of the arbitrary nature of language, its

17、 only our tacitagreement of utterance and concept at work and not any innaterelationship bound up in the utterance.A typical example to illustrate the arbitrariness of language is a rose byany other name would smell as sweet.3. what makes modern linguistics different from traditional grammar?Modern

18、linguistics is descriptive, its investigations are based on authenticand mainly spoken language date.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)是描述性的，其研究以確實(shí)可靠的、主要以口語(yǔ)形式的資料為基礎(chǔ)。traditional grammar is prescriptive. it is based on high written language.傳統(tǒng)語(yǔ)法是規(guī)定性的，研究高級(jí)書(shū)面語(yǔ)。4.Is modern linguistics mainly synchronic or diachronic? whyModern lingu

19、istics is mainly synchronic, focusing on the present-daylanguage. unless the various states of a language are successfully studied,it will not be possible to describe language from a diachronic point ofview.現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言學(xué)主要是共時(shí)性的，重點(diǎn)研究現(xiàn)代語(yǔ)言。除非對(duì)語(yǔ)言的各種狀態(tài)都進(jìn)行成功的研究，否則很難從歷時(shí)性角度對(duì)語(yǔ)言進(jìn)行描述。5.which enjoys priority in modern

20、linguistics, speech or writings?Speech enjoys for the following reasons:Speech precedes writing in terms of evolution.A large amount of communication is carried out in speech than inwriting.speech is the form in which infants acquire their native language.6.how is Saussures distinction between langu

21、e and parole similar toChomskys ?Both Saussure and Chomsky make the distinction between the abstractlanguage system and the actual use of language. their purpose is to singleout the language system for serious studyTwo linguists idea differ in that Saussure took a sociological view oflanguage, Choms

22、ky looks at language from a psychological point of view,competence is a property of the mind of each individual.6.the distinction between langue and parole?langue is abstract, relatively stable parole is concrete, varies fromperson to person, from situation to situation.1/ What is linguistics?什么是語(yǔ)言學(xué)

23、？Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language. Itstudies not any particular language, but languages in general.2/ The scope of linguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)的研究范疇The study of language as a whole is often called general linguistics. (普通語(yǔ)言學(xué))The study of sounds, which are used in linguistic com

24、munication, iscalled phonetics.（語(yǔ)音學(xué)）The study of how sounds are put together and used in communication iscalled phonology. （音系學(xué)）The study of the way in which morphemes are arranged to form wordsare called morphology. （形態(tài)學(xué)）The study of how morphemes and words are combined to form sentencesis called s

25、yntax（句法學(xué)）The study of meaning in language is called semantics. （語(yǔ)義學(xué)）The study of meaning in context of use is called pragmatics. （語(yǔ)用學(xué)）The study of language with reference to society is called socio-linguistics.（社會(huì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）The study of language with reference to the working of mind is calledpsycho-lingui

26、stics. （心理語(yǔ)言學(xué)）The study of applications (as the recovery of speech ability) is generallyknown as applied linguistics. （應(yīng)用語(yǔ)言學(xué)） But in a narrow sense,applied linguistics refers to the application of linguistic principles andtheories to language teaching and learning, especially the teaching offoreign

27、and second language.Other related branches include anthropological linguistics, （人類(lèi)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） neurological linguistics, （神經(jīng)語(yǔ)言學(xué)） mathematical linguistics,（數(shù)字語(yǔ)言學(xué)）and computational linguistics. （計(jì)算機(jī)語(yǔ)言學(xué)）3/ Some important distinctions in linguistics語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究中的幾對(duì)基本概念Prescriptive and descriptive 規(guī)定與描寫(xiě)If a linguistic

28、 study describes and analyzes the language people actuallyuse, it is said to be descriptive, if it aims to lay down rules to tell peoplewhat they should say and what they should not say, it is said to beprescriptive.Modern linguistics differs from traditional grammar. Traditional grammaris prescript

29、ive while modern linguistics is descriptive. The task oflinguists is supposed to describe the language people actually use,whether it is correct or not.Synchronic and diachronic 共時(shí)和歷時(shí)The description of a language at some point in time is a synchronic study;the description of a language as it changes

30、 through time is a diachronicstudy. In modern linguistics, synchronic study is more important.Speech and writing 口頭語(yǔ)與書(shū)面語(yǔ)Speech and writing are the two major media of communication. Modernlinguistics regards the spoken form of language as primary, but not thewritten form. Reasons are: 1. Speech prece

31、des writing; 2. There are stillmany languages that have only the spoken form; 3. In terms of function,the spoken language is used for a wider range of purposes than thewritten, and carries a larger load of communication than the written.Langue and parole 語(yǔ)言和言語(yǔ)The Swiss linguist F. de Saussure made t

32、he distinction between langueand parole early 20th century.Langue refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by all the membersof a speech community, and parole refers to the realization of langue inactual use. Saussure made the distinction in order to single out one aspectof language for serio

33、us study. He believes what linguists should do is toabstract langue from parole, to discover the regularities governing theactual use of language and make them the subjects of study of linguistics.Competence and performance 語(yǔ)言能力和語(yǔ)言運(yùn)用Proposed by American linguist N. Chomsky in the late 1950s.He defin

34、es competence as the ideal users knowledge of the rules of hislanguage, and performance the actual realization of this knowledge inlinguistic communication. He believes the task of the linguists is todiscover and specify the language rules.Chapter Two Phonology一、定義1.寬式音標(biāo)Broad transcriptionThe transc

35、ription of speech sounds with letter symbols only.2.窄式音標(biāo)Narrow transcriptionThe transcription of speech sound with letters symbols and the diacritics.3.清音VoicelessWhen the vocal cords are drawn wide apart ,letting air go through withoutcausing vibration ,the sounds produced in such a condition are c

36、alledvoiceless sounds.4.濁音VoicingSounds produced while the vocal cords are vibrating are called voicedsounds.5.元音VowelThe sounds in the production of which no articulators come very closetogether and the air stream passes through the vocal tract withoutobstruction are called vowels.6.輔音ConsonantsThe

37、 sounds in the production of which there is an obstruction of the airstream at some point of the vocal tract are called consonants.7.音位PhonemeThe basic unit in phonology, its a collection of distinctive phoneticfeatures.8.音位變體AllophonesDifferent phones which can represent a phoneme in differentenvir

38、onments are called the allophones of that phoneme.9.音素phoneA phonetic unit or segment. it doesnot necessarily distinguish meaning,its a speech sound we use when speaking a language.10.最小對(duì)立對(duì)Minimal pairWhen two different forms are identical in every way except for one soundsegment which occurs in the

39、 same place in the strings, the two words aresaid to form a minimal pair.11.超切分特征SuprasegmentalThe phonemic features that occur above the level of the segment arecalled suprasegmental features. the main suprasegmental features includestress ,intonation and tone.12.互補(bǔ)分布complementary distribution P35T

40、wo allophones of the same phoneme are said to be in complementarydistribution.13.語(yǔ)言的語(yǔ)音媒介Phonic medium of languageThe limited range of sounds which are meaningful in humancommunication and are of interest to linguistic studies are the phonicmedium of language.在人類(lèi)交際中有著一定意義、對(duì)語(yǔ)言學(xué)研究來(lái)說(shuō)舉足輕重。有限的聲音是語(yǔ)音媒介。14.爆

41、破音stopsWhen a obstruction created by the speech organs is total or complete, thespeech sound produced with the obstruction released and the air passingout again is called a stop or a plosive.they areb p t d k g二、知識(shí)點(diǎn)1.statistics resulting from careful investigations show that there have beenover5,000

42、languages in the world, about two thirds of which have not hadwritten form.2. of the two media of language,speech is more basic than writing.3.Phonetic 組成Articulatory phonetics 發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)longest established, mostlydevelopedAuditory phonetics 聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)Acoustic phonetics 聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)4.articulatoryApparatus /Organs of

43、 SpeechPharyngeal cavity 咽腔Oral . 口腔greatest source of modification of air stream foundhereNasal 鼻腔5.The tongue is the most flexible, responsible for more varieties ofarticulation than any other, the extreme back of the tongue can be raisedtowards the uvula and a speech sound can be thus produced as

44、 is used inArabic and French.6.Obstruction between the back of the tongue and the velar area results inthe pronunciation ofk andg,the narrowing of space between the hardpalate and the front of the tongue leads to the soundj;the obstructioncreated between the tip of the tongue and the alveolar ridge

45、results in thesoundstandd.7.nasal consonants: m / n / 9. A Phone is a phonetic unit or segment.10.Sequential rules例子If three consonants should cluster together at the beginning of a word, thecombination should obey the following three rules:the first phoneme must be /s/the second phoneme must be /p/

46、 or /t/ or /k/the third phoneme must be /l/ or /r/ or /w11.English has four basic types of intonation:Falling tone;Risingtone;Fall-rise tone; Rise-fall tone三、問(wèn)答題1.what are the three branches of phonetics? how do they contribute to thestudy of speech sound?Articulatory describes the way our speech or

47、gans work to produce thespeech sounds and how they differ.Auditory-studies the physical properties of speech sounds, reaches theimportant conclusion that phonetic identity is only a theoretical ideal.Acoustic-studies the physical properties of speech sounds ,the waysound travel from the speaker to t

48、he hearer.發(fā)音語(yǔ)音學(xué)描述了我們的發(fā)音器官如何發(fā)出語(yǔ)音，以及這些語(yǔ)音為何有所不同。聽(tīng)覺(jué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，得出了重要結(jié)論，即語(yǔ)音同一只是理論上的理想。聲學(xué)語(yǔ)音學(xué)研究語(yǔ)音的物理性質(zhì)，研究語(yǔ)音從說(shuō)話(huà)者到聽(tīng)話(huà)者之間的傳播方式。2.how are the English consonants classified?By place of articulation and By manner of articulation3.how do phonetics and phonology differ in their focus of study? who doyou think will

49、 be more interested in the different between sayiandi,pandph,a phonetician or a philologist? why?語(yǔ)音學(xué)和音位學(xué)的研究中心有何不同?語(yǔ)音學(xué)家和音位學(xué)家哪一個(gè)更關(guān)心清晰音的區(qū)別?為什么?Phonetics description of all speech sounds and their find differences.Phonology description of sound systems of particular languages andhow sounds function to d

50、istinguish meaning.A phonetician would be more interested in such differences cos suchdifferences will not cos differences in meaning.4.whats a phone? how is it different from a phoneme? how areallophones related to a phoneme?Phonea speech sound ,a phonetic unit.Phoneme-a collection of abstract soun

51、d features, a phonological unit.Allophones-actual realization of a phoneme in different phoneticcontexts.5.what is a minimal pair and a minimal set? why is it important toidentify the minimal set in a language?為什么區(qū)分最小對(duì)立組在一種語(yǔ)言中非常重要?Minimal pairtwo sound combinations identical in every way except inon

52、e sound element that occurs in the same position.除了出現(xiàn)在同一位置的一個(gè)語(yǔ)音成分不同外,其他部分都一樣的兩個(gè)語(yǔ)音組合.Minimal seta group of sound combinations with the above feature.一組具有上述特征的語(yǔ)音組合.By identifying the minimal pair or the minimal set of a language, aphilologist can identify its phonemes.通過(guò)分析一種語(yǔ)言的最小對(duì)立對(duì)或最小對(duì)立組,音位學(xué)家能辨別出它的音位

53、.6.Explain with examples how broad transcription and narrow onetranscription differ?Broad transcriptionone letter symbol for one sound.Narrow transcriptiondiacritics are added to the one-letter symbols toshow the finer differences between sounds.7.explain the sequential rule ,the assimilation rule a

54、nd the deletion rule.有序規(guī)則Sequential rulesRules that govern the combination of sounds in a particular language.同化規(guī)則Assimilation rulesThe assimilation rule assimilates one sound to another by copying afeature of a sequential phoneme, thus making the two phones similar.省略規(guī)則Deletion ruleIts a phonologic

55、al rule which tells us when a sound is to be deletedalthough its orthographically represented.Chapter Three Morphology一、定義1.詞素MorphemeThe basic unit in the study of morphology and the smallest meaningfulunit of language.2.自由詞素Free MorphemeFree morphemes are independent units of meaning and can be us

56、edfreely all by themselves.3.黏著詞素Bound morphemesBound morphemes are these morphemes that canot be used bythemselves, must be combined with other morphemes to form words thatcan be used independently.4.詞根RootRoot is the base form of a word which cannot be further analyzedwithout total loss of identity.5.詞綴AffixThe collective term for the type of formative that can be used onlywhen added to another morpheme.6.曲折詞綴inflectional affixesThe manifestation of grammatical relationships through the addition ofinflectional affixes, su