曼昆微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理英文版.ppt

1、課程簡(jiǎn)介教材（英文版）：Principles of Economics, 7ed. written by N. Gregory Mankiw中文版：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理（微觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)分冊(cè)）參考書：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理學(xué)習(xí)指南，大衛(wèi)曼昆筆記和課后習(xí)題（含考研真題）詳解，圣才考研網(wǎng)主編，中國(guó)石化出版社課外閱讀：經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)的思維方式，保羅 or 機(jī)械工業(yè)出版社 （13版）0任課教師：方意 研究方向： 系統(tǒng)性風(fēng)險(xiǎn)；宏觀審慎監(jiān)管聯(lián)系方式：微信公眾號(hào)：方意金融教學(xué)與研究微博：fangyi_cufe課程簡(jiǎn)介1TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSTen Principles of Economics（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)十大原理）

2、EconomicsP R I N C I P L E S O FN. Gregory Mankiw1In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究什么問題？ What kinds of questions does economics address?人們?nèi)绾巫鞒鰶Q策？ What are the principles of how people make decisions? 人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ビ绊?？What are the principles of how people interact?整體經(jīng)濟(jì)如何運(yùn)行？What a

3、re the principles of how the economy as a whole works? 3What Economics Is All AboutScarcity（稀缺性）: the limited nature of societys resources（社會(huì)擁有的資源有限）Economics: the study of how society manages its scarce resources（經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)研究社會(huì)如何管理自己的稀缺資源）, e.g.how people decide what to buy, how much to work, save, and sp

4、end（居民決策：消費(fèi)（數(shù)量、品種）、工作、儲(chǔ)蓄）how firms decide how much to produce, how many workers to hire（企業(yè)決策：生產(chǎn)（數(shù)量）、雇傭工人數(shù)量）how society decides how to divide its resources between national defense, consumer goods, protecting the environment, and other needs（國(guó)家決策：國(guó)防、消費(fèi)品、環(huán)保等）04TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS0The principle

5、s of HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS（人們?nèi)绾巫鰶Q策的原理）HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSAll decisions involve tradeoffs. Examples:Going to a party the night before your midterm leaves less time for studying.聚會(huì) v. 備考 （時(shí)間資源決策）Having more money to buy stuff requires working longer hours, which leaves less time for leisure.

6、 工作 v. 休閑（時(shí)間資源決策）More nation defense requires resources that could otherwise be used to produce consumer goods. (guns or butter?) 大炮 v. 黃油Tradeoff的原因本質(zhì)是：資源的稀缺性Principle #1: 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs06TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples:More nation defense requires resou

7、rces that could otherwise be used to produce consumer goods. (guns or butter?) 大炮 v. 黃油Principle #1: 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 People Face Tradeoffs0舉例：大炮與黃油的生產(chǎn) 組合 黃油 (butter) 大炮 (guns) 方式 萬(wàn)噸 萬(wàn)門 A 0 15 B 1 14 C 2 12 D 3 9 E 4 5 F 5 07TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONS Society faces an important tra

8、deoff: 效率 (efficiency) vs. 平等 （equality） Efficiency: 社會(huì)能從稀缺資源獲得最大利益的特性 . when society gets the most from its scarce resourcesEquality:經(jīng)濟(jì)成果在社會(huì)成員中公平分配的特性 when prosperity is distributed uniformly among societys members.Tradeoff: To achieve greater equality, income could be redistributed from wealthy to

9、 poor. But this reduces incentive to work and produce, shrinks the size of the economic “pie.” 政府分配“蛋糕”的方式會(huì)影響“蛋糕”大?。浩降扔绊懶蔖rinciple #1: 人們面臨權(quán)衡取舍 08HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSMaking decisions requires comparing the costs and benefits of alternative choices. 機(jī)會(huì)成本為了得到某種東西所必需放棄的東西。The opportunity cost of

10、any item is whatever must be given up to obtain it. It is the relevant cost for decision making.機(jī)會(huì)成本也來(lái)源于資源稀缺性，由于機(jī)會(huì)成本的存在從而需要取舍。機(jī)會(huì)成本是人們選擇，而放棄其他全部選擇中收益最大的部分。Principle #2: 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It9HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples: What is the opportunity co

11、st of going to college for a year? The spend on tuition (學(xué)費(fèi)), books, room and board（食宿）? A. tuition B. books C. room and board D. The forgone wages （失去的工資） （最準(zhǔn)確的表達(dá)：放棄這一年可以做其他事情的選擇）Principle #2: 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It10TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEO

12、PLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples: Principle #2: 某種東西的成本是為了得到它而放棄的東西The Cost of Something Is What You Give Up to Get It當(dāng)預(yù)期在四年之內(nèi)賺得上千萬(wàn)美元時(shí)，高中籃球明星科比.布賴恩特（Kobe Bryant ）決定不讀大學(xué)而直接進(jìn)入職業(yè)籃球聯(lián)盟（ NBA ）。11TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSChoiceRevenueopportunity cost A200$201$B150$201$C180$201$D201$200$E200$201$Examples: 12TEN

13、 PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSRational people 定義：systematically（系統(tǒng)地） and purposefully（有目的） do the best they can to achieve their objectives.（理性人系統(tǒng)而有目的地盡最大努力去實(shí)現(xiàn)其目標(biāo)；利益最大化）make decisions by evaluating costs and benefits of marginal changes incremental adjustments to an existing plan.

14、 邊際變動(dòng)對(duì)當(dāng)前行動(dòng)計(jì)劃微小的增量調(diào)整。邊際是高等數(shù)學(xué)微分的概念；理性人決策：邊際收益邊際成本（Do）;邊際收益邊際成本（Undo）Principle #3: 理性人考慮邊際量Rational People Think at the Margin13HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSExamples:When a student considers whether to go to college for an additional year, he compares the fees & foregone wages to the extra income he could

15、earn with the extra year of education.When a manager considers whether to increase output, she compares the cost of the needed labor and materials to the extra revenue. Principle #3: 理性人考慮邊際量Rational People Think at the Margin14TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS討論：一架200座的飛機(jī)，在某航線上飛行一次的成本是10萬(wàn)美元，在飛機(jī)即將起飛之前仍有10

16、個(gè)空位，此時(shí)航空公司會(huì)不會(huì)以低于500美元（如300美元）的價(jià)格出售飛機(jī)票？決策：邊際收益邊際成本 Principle #3: 理性人考慮邊際量Rational People Think at the Margin15TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS鉆石水人沒有鉆石不會(huì)受到太大影響，沒有水的話則很難生存。然而鉆石卻比水貴？16TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSYou are selling your 1996 Mustang. You have already spent $1000 on repairs. At the last minute, th

17、e transmission dies. You can pay $600 to have it repaired, or sell the car “as is.” In each of the following scenarios, should you have the transmission repaired? Explain.A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesntB.Blue book value is $6000 if transmission works, $5500 if it

18、 doesntA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Applying the principles17Cost of fixing transmission = $600A.Blue book value is $6500 if transmission works, $5700 if it doesntBenefit of fixing the transmission = $800($6500 5700). Its worthwhile to have the transmission fixed. B.Blue book value is $6000 if tran

19、smission works, $5500 if it doesntBenefit of fixing the transmission is only $500.Paying $600 to fix transmission is not worthwhile.A C T I V E L E A R N I N G 1 Answers18HOW PEOPLE MAKE DECISIONSIncentive: something that induces a person to act, i.e. the prospect of a reward or punishment. （引起一個(gè)人做出

20、某種行為的某種東西，例如懲罰或獎(jiǎng)勵(lì)的預(yù)期）Rational （理性）people respond to incentives.Examples:When gas prices rise, consumers buy more hybrid cars and fewer gas guzzling SUVs.When cigarette taxes increase, teen smoking falls. 經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)中最重要的激勵(lì)機(jī)制是價(jià)格機(jī)制；好的經(jīng)濟(jì)政策一定要做好激勵(lì)。Principle #4:人們會(huì)對(duì)激勵(lì)作出反應(yīng) People Respond to Incentives190The princ

21、iples of HOW PEOPLE INTERACT（人們?nèi)绾蜗嗷ビ绊懙脑恚〩OW PEOPLE INTERACTWealth: The things that is valuable.（有價(jià)值的東西，具有主觀性）The core of economy is to create “wealth”, but not “matter”（經(jīng)濟(jì)的核心在于創(chuàng)造“財(cái)富”而不是“物質(zhì)”）Trade could induce the wealth to increase even the matter is constant, which is the same of product（在物質(zhì)相同的情況下

22、，交換仍能創(chuàng)造財(cái)富）Principle #5: 貿(mào)易（交換）能使每個(gè)人狀況變好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off21TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTTrade could move goods to the ones who need them mostly, and the value of goods increase consequently.（貿(mào)易使得產(chǎn)品分配給最需要的人，從而產(chǎn)品的價(jià)值會(huì)增加從主觀效用角度講）Rather than being self-sufficient, people

23、can specialize in producing one good or service and exchange it for other goods.（交換除了可以增加個(gè)人效用外，還能通過(guò)通過(guò)分工提高效率）Principle #5: 貿(mào)易（交換）能使每個(gè)人狀況變好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off22TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTCountries also benefit from trade & specialization（專業(yè)化）:Access to a greater varie

24、ty of goods （得到更多種類的商品）Get a better price abroad for goods they produce（從國(guó)外買到更便宜的商品）Buy other goods more cheaply from abroad than could be produced at homePrinciple #5: 貿(mào)易（交換）能使每個(gè)人狀況變好Trade Can Make Everyone Better Off23TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACT Market: a group of buyers and sel

25、lers （買者與賣者交易的場(chǎng)所）(need not be in a single location)“Organize economic activity” means determining what goods to produce （生產(chǎn)什么）how to produce them （怎樣生產(chǎn)）how much of each to produce（生產(chǎn)多少）who gets them（誰(shuí)得到產(chǎn)品）Principle #6:市場(chǎng)是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法Markets Are Usually A Good Way to Organize Economic Activity24HOW P

26、EOPLE INTERACTA market economy （市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)）allocates resources through the decentralized decisions（市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)中企業(yè)和家庭在物品與服務(wù)市場(chǎng)上相互交易時(shí)，通過(guò)分散決策配置資源）No government committee that makes the decisions（不需要政府進(jìn)行決策）Each of many households（家庭） decides who to work for and what goods to buy. （家庭決策為誰(shuí)工作、買什么產(chǎn)品）Each of many firms de

27、cides whom to hire and what goods to produce. （企業(yè)決定雇傭誰(shuí)，生產(chǎn)什么產(chǎn)品）Principle #6: 市場(chǎng)是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法25HOW PEOPLE INTERACTThe invisible hand (看不見的手)works through the price system（“看不見的手” 通過(guò)價(jià)格來(lái)起作用價(jià)格是激勵(lì)機(jī)制）:看不見的手：由Adam Smith提出，指的是家庭和企業(yè)在市場(chǎng)上相互交易，他們仿佛被一只“看不見的手”所指引，并導(dǎo)致了合意的市場(chǎng)結(jié)果。The interaction of buyers and sellers d

28、etermines prices. （價(jià)格由誰(shuí)決定）Each price reflects the goods value to buyers and the cost of producing the good. （價(jià)格反映了什么）Prices guide self-interested households and firms to make decisions that, in many cases, maximize societys economic well-being. （價(jià)格起激勵(lì)作用）市場(chǎng)價(jià)格影響市場(chǎng)參與者決策參與者決策的結(jié)果決定了市場(chǎng)價(jià)格市場(chǎng)價(jià)格影響市場(chǎng)參與者決策 Prin

29、ciple #6: 市場(chǎng)是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法26我們的晚餐并非來(lái)自屠宰商、釀酒師和面包師的恩惠，而是來(lái)自他們對(duì)自身利益的關(guān)切。 -亞當(dāng) 斯密國(guó)富論HOW PEOPLE INTERACTPrinciple #6: 市場(chǎng)是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法27TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICS “他盤算的是他自己的利益，在這種場(chǎng)合象在其他許多場(chǎng)合一樣，他受到一支看不見的手的指導(dǎo)，去盡力達(dá)到一個(gè)并非他本意想要達(dá)到的目的他追求自己的利益，往往使他能比在真正出于本意的情況下更有效地促進(jìn)社會(huì)效益”。 亞當(dāng)斯密國(guó)富論1776 從“看不見的手”到“看得見的手”。 Principle #6: 市

30、場(chǎng)是組織經(jīng)濟(jì)活動(dòng)的一種好方法對(duì)應(yīng)的意思：每個(gè)人只為自己考慮，只最大化自身的利益，最終的結(jié)果卻是對(duì)整個(gè)社會(huì)最好的。28TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACT政府起作用的原因市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)需要實(shí)施產(chǎn)權(quán)（Property Rights）制度，以便個(gè)人可以擁有和控制稀缺資源。政府維護(hù)產(chǎn)權(quán)制度（市場(chǎng)經(jīng)濟(jì)基礎(chǔ)）市場(chǎng)有時(shí)會(huì)失靈（Market Failure），影響運(yùn)行效率政府維護(hù)經(jīng)濟(jì)運(yùn)行效率市場(chǎng)運(yùn)行有時(shí)并不公平政府維護(hù)公平Important role for governments: enforce property rights （保護(hù)產(chǎn)權(quán)）with pol

31、ice, courtsProperty rights is the base of market economy(只有資源歸個(gè)人所有，才有動(dòng)機(jī)去配置，價(jià)格的激勵(lì)作用才能顯現(xiàn)）Principle #7: 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果Governments Can Sometimes Improve Market Outcomes29HOW PEOPLE INTERACTPeople are less inclined to work, produce, invest, or purchase if large risk of their property being stolen. 市場(chǎng)失靈市場(chǎng)出現(xiàn)

32、不能有效配置資源的情況（原理6的例外情況）。 Market failure: when the market fails to allocate societys resources efficiently1，外部性 是一個(gè)人的行為會(huì)對(duì)局外人（非參與交易者）福利產(chǎn)生影響 Externalities, when the production or consumption of a good affects bystanders (e.g. pollution)外部性有方向：正向（對(duì)局外人產(chǎn)生良性影響）或者負(fù)向（對(duì)局外人產(chǎn)生不良影響）Principle #7: 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果 30HOW

33、 PEOPLE INTERACT2，市場(chǎng)勢(shì)力:是指一個(gè)人或一個(gè)企業(yè)不適當(dāng)?shù)赜绊懯袌?chǎng)價(jià)格的能力. Market power, a single buyer or seller has substantial influence on market price (e.g. monopoly).（競(jìng)爭(zhēng)的反義詞）3，信息不對(duì)稱Asymmetric information, some one doesnt have the necessary information to make decisionIn such cases（市場(chǎng)失靈的情形）, public policy may promote eff

34、iciency （提高效率 ）.Principle #7: 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果 31TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW PEOPLE INTERACTgovernments may alter market outcome to promote equity （促進(jìn)公平 ）If the markets distribution of economic well-being is not desirable, tax or welfare （稅收和福利制度） policies can change how the economic “pie” is divided

35、. Principle #7: 政府有時(shí)可以改善市場(chǎng)結(jié)果 32TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSIn each of the following situations, what is the governments role? Does the governments intervention improve the outcome?a.Public schoolsb.Workplace safety regulations（工作場(chǎng)所安全條例）c.Public highways（公路）d.Patent laws （專利法案）, which allow drug compa

36、nies to charge high prices for life-saving drugsA C T I V E L E A R N I N G 2 Discussion Questions330The principles of HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKS（宏觀經(jīng)濟(jì)學(xué)原理）HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSHuge variation in living standards across countries and over time:Average income in rich countries is more t

37、han ten times average income in poor countries. （橫向?qū)Ρ龋㏕he U.S. standard of living today is about eight times larger than 100 years ago.（縱向?qū)Ρ龋㏄rinciple #8: 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力 A countrys standard of living depends on its ability to produce goods & services. （GDP很重要）35TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSHOW

38、THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSThe most important determinant of living standards: productivity（生產(chǎn)率）, the amount of goods and services produced per unit of labor.生產(chǎn)率 是指單位勞動(dòng)力單位時(shí)間所生產(chǎn)的物品與勞務(wù)量Productivity depends on the equipment, skills, and technology available to workers.（生產(chǎn)率依賴于設(shè)備、技能、技術(shù)）Other factors (e.

39、g., labor unions, competition from abroad) have far less impact on living standards.Principle #8: 一國(guó)的生活水平取決于它生產(chǎn)物品與勞務(wù)的能力Higher productivity Higher standard of living36HOW THE ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSInflation（通貨膨脹）: increases in the general level of prices.（經(jīng)濟(jì)中物價(jià)總水平的上升。 ）In the long run（長(zhǎng)期）, inflatio

40、n is almost always caused by excessive growth in the quantity of money, which causes the value of money to fall. The faster the government creates money, the greater the inflation rate. Principle #9:當(dāng)政府發(fā)行了過(guò)多貨幣時(shí)，物價(jià)上升 Prices rise when the government prints too much money. Money Inflation（長(zhǎng)期） 37HOW THE

41、 ECONOMY AS A WHOLE WORKSIn the short-run (短期，1 2 years), many economic policies push inflation and unemployment in opposite directions. 通貨膨脹 失業(yè)（短期）Unemployment（失業(yè)）: the ones who want and are able to work but are not employed. （想工作且能夠工作，但找不到工作的現(xiàn)象）Other factors can make this tradeoff more or less fav

42、orable, but the tradeoff is always present. Principle #10:社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 Society faces a short-run tradeoff between inflation and unemployment38TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSPrinciple #10:社會(huì)面臨通貨膨脹與失業(yè)之間的短期權(quán)衡取舍 -菲利普斯曲線 (Phillips Curve)失業(yè)率（百分比）通貨膨脹率（每年百分比）菲利普斯曲線4B67A239TEN PRINCIPLES OF ECONOMICSFYI（供參考）: How to Read Your Textbook1.Read before class. 2.Summarize, dont highlight. 3.Test yourself. 4.Practice, practice, practice.5.Go online