老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)

1、老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)（文檔含英文原文和中文翻譯）老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)翻譯:老年人的住宅問題與選擇、簡(jiǎn)介住宅在老年人生活的極為重要。住房負(fù)擔(dān)能力的影響老人對(duì)生活的其他必需 品，如食品和醫(yī)療的負(fù)擔(dān)能力。住宅附近的醫(yī)療設(shè)施，購物，交通和娛樂設(shè)施服 務(wù)，可以提高生活質(zhì)量。住宅是回憶過去，同時(shí)也是聯(lián)系朋友和鄰居的地方。存 在支持功能和服務(wù)設(shè)施的住宅也可以使人們老有所養(yǎng)。在這一部分，我們會(huì)研究住房問題和老年人的選擇。于此同時(shí)，我們將用一系列問題和練習(xí)測(cè)試住宅的智 能。二、老年人的住房情況老年人的住房情況典型在哪里？我們將從五個(gè)方面開始研究：（1）住房所有權(quán)

2、的普及，（2）常留現(xiàn)有地，（3）生活安排。（4）老年人對(duì)現(xiàn)有住房的依戀，（5） 移動(dòng)行為老年人與誰生活可以影響其購房能力， 空間需要，以及對(duì)這些地方養(yǎng)老的能 力。約54%的長(zhǎng)者與配偶生活，31%獨(dú)居，幾乎13%口他的親人居住而不是和他 的配偶，同時(shí)有大約 2%勺老年人和沒有關(guān)系的人居住。隨著年齡的增長(zhǎng)，老年 人（主要是婦女）更可能獨(dú)居或和親人居住兒不是和配偶住在一起。年老體弱獨(dú) 居的婦女最有可能居住在有額外房間的家園， 需要身心都支持性住房和服務(wù)來實(shí) 現(xiàn)“老得其所”。人口的這一部分組成的群體，他們更愿意居住在有保障設(shè)施的 建筑里很多老年人在生理上很大程度依賴他們生活很久的住宅。在這些地方他們將

3、 自己的孩子養(yǎng)大，留下了一生的記憶。它也是聯(lián)系像鄰居，店主這樣一系列家庭 成員的橋梁，除此之外位于教堂，圖書館，和一些社區(qū)服務(wù)設(shè)施附近。對(duì)于大多 數(shù)老年人來說，在探索與追求中，住宅是他們個(gè)性的延伸。另外，住宅可以表現(xiàn) 他們將來的經(jīng)濟(jì)保障，特別是對(duì)這些已經(jīng)買下住宅的人來講。 對(duì)于住宅所有者來老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)講，住宅通常是他們做可靠的財(cái)產(chǎn)。 住宅代表著一種獨(dú)立，表明居民可以靠自己 居住?；谶@些原因，在 AARP勺一項(xiàng)關(guān)于老年人的住宅類型偏好的調(diào)查中，有 將近80%勺老年人想要居住在自己家里永遠(yuǎn)不想搬出的這種結(jié)果是可以理解的。 這種現(xiàn)象被解釋為居家養(yǎng)老偏好。雖然大多數(shù)老年人目前社區(qū)附

4、近的移動(dòng)，尋求與一些如西南地區(qū)天氣溫暖的 退休社區(qū)，遙遠(yuǎn)的西部和南部地區(qū)。三、聯(lián)邦政府的老年人住房方案聯(lián)邦政府有兩個(gè)基本的住房戰(zhàn)略來解決老人的住房問題。策略之一，被稱 為“供方”的方式，尋求建立如公共住房或第Section住宅為老年人提供居住的 新住宅區(qū)。公共房屋由準(zhǔn)政府地方公共住房當(dāng)局管理。同時(shí)為老人和殘疾人建設(shè)的第Section202住宅是由非盈利組織出資建造，包括宗教和非宗派組織。約有 150萬老年人或3%的老年人口生活在聯(lián)邦政府資助房屋， 約38.7萬老年人居住 在Section202住宅。隨著時(shí)間的推移，由于經(jīng)濟(jì)適用型住宅建設(shè)的成本，政府 已經(jīng)轉(zhuǎn)向遠(yuǎn)離這些新方案，問題是非老年住宅正在

5、大量實(shí)施， 有一種觀點(diǎn)，政府 應(yīng)不再直接與參與建設(shè)住房。雖然與20世紀(jì)70年代末的高近2萬建設(shè)單位相比， Section202住宅在過去十年的預(yù)算撥款先后為 6000左右，但作為有聯(lián)邦政府資 助的為數(shù)不多的項(xiàng)目之一，它是一個(gè)非常受歡迎和成功的方案。 在過去的十年里 聯(lián)邦政府不在投資新的項(xiàng)目，倡議強(qiáng)調(diào)需求方的補(bǔ)貼，提供低收入租房者使用證 明或憑證，他們可以使用各種設(shè)置的多單元，包括在私營(yíng)部門，公寓符合條件的 租金和指導(dǎo)方針。這些憑證旨在減少住房費(fèi)用過高。 一些證明被稱為“基于項(xiàng)目 的補(bǔ)貼”，并連接到聯(lián)邦資助，如Section202住房。然而，由于住房項(xiàng)目并沒有 授權(quán)，供應(yīng)方和需求方一起計(jì)劃只能滿

6、足符合租賃要求的約1/3老年人的需求。雖然在面對(duì)的龐大的預(yù)算削減中，房屋的倡導(dǎo)者們一直試圖留住現(xiàn)有的方 案，注意力卻一直朝著滿足體弱長(zhǎng)者的住房和服務(wù)需求轉(zhuǎn)移。這個(gè)強(qiáng)調(diào)體現(xiàn)了在 八十歲和九十歲的老年人中，需要一個(gè)有利的環(huán)境和與身體相關(guān)的服務(wù)的老年人 越來越多。在這一群體中，老年人的公共住房和Section202住宅的比例很高。最初的是為六十歲或七十歲的獨(dú)立性老年人建立，這類型的住房現(xiàn)在包括八十歲 和九十歲的老年人，許多人已到百歲。因此，政府在制定策略時(shí)增加建筑服務(wù)使老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)他們更好的適應(yīng)體弱老年人的需要。90年代初在HUD的預(yù)算問題中的一項(xiàng)重大 舉措，已為聯(lián)邦政府支付服務(wù)協(xié)

7、調(diào)員，讓他們?cè)u(píng)估居民對(duì)于政府資助房屋和與之 相關(guān)的服務(wù)的需要程度。截至1998年，大約有1000位政府的協(xié)調(diào)員資助全國(guó)的 房屋建設(shè)。四、房屋連續(xù)：一個(gè)老人的選擇范圍一個(gè)在住房領(lǐng)域長(zhǎng)期存在的假設(shè)是， 隨著老年人越來越虛弱，他們將不得不 從一個(gè)設(shè)立的住房連續(xù)搬到另一個(gè)。 住房選擇的數(shù)字表明，沿著這條連續(xù)性我們 發(fā)現(xiàn)了這些選擇，其中包括單戶住宅，公寓，集中住宅，資助房屋和護(hù)理院（肯 迪格&Pynoos, 1996）。房屋連續(xù)的終點(diǎn)養(yǎng)老院。這些選擇在他們的可獲得性， 可承擔(dān)性，和對(duì)滿足虛弱的老年人的能力方面有很大的不同。一個(gè)支持性持續(xù)照顧的概念是基于這樣的假設(shè)： 住房選擇可以由提供服務(wù)的 數(shù)量和類型區(qū)

8、別；在交通便利，功能和設(shè)計(jì)方面的生理狀況支持；和住房所指向的 人們的能力水平。住房選擇的數(shù)字顯示，這樣的選擇怎樣滿足獨(dú)立，半依賴和依 賴的老年人的需求。半依賴型老人可以在一些日常生活中，如做飯，打掃衛(wèi)生， 和購物等活動(dòng)方面需要其他人的幫助。 除了需要一些日常生活的幫助，依賴型老 年人可能在如廁所，飲食和洗澡更基本的活動(dòng)需要幫助助。 雖然半依賴和依賴?yán)?年人可以在出現(xiàn)整個(gè)住房的連續(xù)中，獨(dú)立的老年人不太喜歡住在有輔助生活設(shè)計(jì) 及裝備，以滿足體弱長(zhǎng)者的需要房屋類型，除非他們的配偶要求這些。雖然連續(xù)性確定了住房類型的范圍， 但是越來越多人認(rèn)識(shí)到，即使年老體弱 的老年人需要幫助，他們也不一定要從一個(gè)地方

9、搬到另一個(gè)地方。 半依賴或依靠 老年人能夠在各種環(huán)境下生活，包括他們自己的住宅和公寓，前提是環(huán)境更加適 宜，照顧者可以提供協(xié)助和方便實(shí)惠的服務(wù)。五、在不同類型住房選擇上的老年人的分布約81 %的老年人居住在單個(gè)家庭的單元房里，7.2 %老年人居住在流動(dòng)性住 宅里。移動(dòng)房屋，經(jīng)常被稱為現(xiàn)在的預(yù)制房屋，已經(jīng)因?yàn)槠湎鄬?duì)較低的成本，房 屋供應(yīng)量正在迅速增長(zhǎng)。約8%的老年人居住在公寓以及專門為他們居住而設(shè)計(jì)老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)的街區(qū)。它們的范圍很廣，從主要支持退休后的休閑化的生活方式 （主動(dòng)退休社 區(qū)）的適用性住房，到主要是為了迎合體弱的老年人的個(gè)人幫助和護(hù)理服務(wù)（Pynoos&Golant

10、, 1995; Golant , 1992年）。估計(jì)數(shù)字顯示，約有老年人口 總數(shù)的一百萬（或剛剛超過3%）,目前選擇綜合性支持住宅，這類住宅也提供 服務(wù)。對(duì)住房選擇可用性（本身就對(duì)許多不同類型的簡(jiǎn)短定義附錄）在國(guó)家和地區(qū)之間差異很大。例如，在一些地區(qū)，分區(qū)禁止或使人們很難創(chuàng)造像附件公寓或 ECHOI位住房類型。因此，對(duì)于老年人來講，在為老年人提供的住宅類型選擇 上存在嚴(yán)重差距。六、結(jié)論住宅在老年人的生活中發(fā)揮了關(guān)鍵作用。大部分獨(dú)立生活的老年人戶主對(duì)他 們所住的單位表示十分滿意。然而，住房費(fèi)用高，特別是對(duì)于租房者，仍然是許 多老年人面臨的財(cái)政問題，對(duì)于低收入的租房者和生活在農(nóng)村地區(qū)的人來講也是

11、如此。聯(lián)邦住宅計(jì)劃，如公共房屋，第202條的住房和第8聯(lián)邦住房方案由于資 金有限，只能夠解決只有約三分之一的符合條件的老年人。止匕外，對(duì)于體弱的老年人在可行的選項(xiàng)住宅方面存在短缺。 直到最后十年，老年人住宅才被設(shè)想為主 要的棲身之所。人們逐漸認(rèn)識(shí)到，需要服務(wù)和支持功能的體弱多病的老年人，他 們不得不離開自己家園或公寓，搬到護(hù)理或療養(yǎng)院機(jī)構(gòu)以獲得援助。 然而，隨著 時(shí)間的推移，可鏈接的多種類型的住房的概念，已經(jīng)取代了原來的住房連續(xù)性的 想法。對(duì)于體弱多病的老年人來講可以生活在現(xiàn)有的住宅環(huán)境，包括擁有服務(wù)和住宅修改的他們自己的家園或公寓等。 因此，在這過去的十年，我們努力修改了 家園，為多單元住房

12、增加服務(wù)協(xié)調(diào)員，和為輔助設(shè)施和ECH印元?jiǎng)?chuàng)造選擇機(jī)會(huì)。 盡管家庭護(hù)理服務(wù)的大規(guī)模可變性提升了這些戰(zhàn)略，但在養(yǎng)老院醫(yī)療補(bǔ)助政策仍 然為體弱多病的老年人提供了動(dòng)機(jī)。在對(duì)體弱多病的老年人住房領(lǐng)域方面，最顯 著的一個(gè)發(fā)展是私營(yíng)福利性住宅的增長(zhǎng)，現(xiàn)在許多州政府將其視為住宅替代療養(yǎng) 院。美聯(lián)運(yùn)動(dòng)本身提出了一些監(jiān)管融資的問題，以及長(zhǎng)期護(hù)理，如居住環(huán)境應(yīng)該包括什么，確保居民可以在此終老，符合居民喜好，保護(hù)個(gè)人權(quán)利和確保護(hù)理質(zhì) 量。然而，美聯(lián)儲(chǔ)的出現(xiàn)以及大范圍的住宅選擇表明， 老年人在生活安排選擇的 空間將更大老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)原文：Housing Problems and Options for

13、the ElderlyIntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and rec

14、reational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and accessto services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In

15、 this session, we will be examining housing problems and options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining

16、five areas : (1) Prevalence of home ownership) (2) Length of stay in current residence (3) Living arrangements (4) Attachments of older persons to where they live Moving behavior.With whom older personslive can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54%

17、of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older wome

18、n living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with extraand to need both physically supportive housing features and services to age in place. This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older pe

19、rsons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by pla

20、ces including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many older persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners

21、who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housi

22、ng preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to stay in their own homes and never move. This phenomena has been termed the preference to age in place.Although most older persons move near their current communitie

23、s, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.The Federal Governments Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the supply s

24、ide approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations includ

25、ing religious and non-sectarian老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs be

26、cause of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few suppl

27、y-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiativ e

28、s over the last decade have emphasized demand side subsidiesthat provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are

29、aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Somecertificates are termed project based subsidies and are tied to federallsubsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of ab

30、out 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail eld

31、erly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for indep

32、endent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and

33、retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes

34、and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assistedhousing complexes across the country.The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for Elderly10老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)A long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as p

35、ersons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and ca

36、re homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the nursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the a

37、ssumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicat

38、es how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependentolder persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning,

39、and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be11老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)found throughout the housing continuum, indepen

40、dent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing reco

41、gnition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers

42、 are available to provide assistance and affordable services are accessible.ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially

43、 for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and personsliving in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have onl

44、y been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons becauseof12老年公寓中英文對(duì)照外文翻譯文獻(xiàn)limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board an