高級英語視聽說2chapter4聽力原文及翻譯

1、Chapter4 FamilyintheUnitedStatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kinds of com ments about the Americanfamily that one hears today - in short, that the American family is disintegrating.Proo f of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth centur y included three points :the declining bir

2、th rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were notcomplet ely content with their domestic role. It s a little surprisin g to me that the sameclaim about the family is being ma de today - that it is disintegrating. And often thesame points are m entioned as proof: declining birth rates

3、, increasing divor ce rates ,and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to implythat cultural, demogr aphic, and economic conditions are the same now as the y were100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family has changed drasticallyin the last 50 years, n o

4、t to mention the last 100 years. But I don t think the av erageperson s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot ofpeoplehave one fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays hom e to carefor the children and Father works. But this idea is challenged by what

5、 we see everyday in the U.S. societ y. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer fo r what ishappening in the society, the culture, and the ec onomy of the United States. To makethis point clearer, we ltlake a look at how the American family has chang ed in thelast 50 years by looking at

6、three different time periods: there are the mid-1940s to themid-1 960s; the mid-60 to the mid80s; and finally the present. Sociologist BarbaraDafoe Whitehead labels theses three periods the period of tradi tional familism, theperiod of individualism, and the peri od of the new familism. I will try f

7、or each periodto show how economic , demographic, and cultural elements int eract and, in turn,affec t the family .一百年前，一聽到關(guān)于美國家庭的意見 相同種 類 的人聽到今天-總 之，美國家庭的解體。在第十九世紀(jì) 末的 這 種分裂的 證 明包括三點(diǎn)：出生率下降，離婚率上升，并有 證 據(jù)表明，婦 女沒有完全滿 足其國內(nèi)的作用。這一點(diǎn)令我驚訝，關(guān)于家庭相同的 說法是，它是今天-崩解。同樣 的 觀 點(diǎn)也被提及為 ：出生率下降，離婚率上升，女性對 家庭角色的不滿 。 現(xiàn) 在，我的意思是

8、說 ，在 100 年前，文化、人口和經(jīng)濟(jì) 條件是一樣的。相反，在過 去的 50 年里，家庭的性質(zhì)發(fā) 生了很大 變 化，而不是過 去的 100年。但我不認(rèn)為 普通人的家庭 觀 念在 過 去幾年里發(fā) 生了很大變 化。很多人都有一個(gè)固定的家庭觀 念：一 對 已婚夫 婦 ，母 親 留在家里照顧 孩子和父親 的工作。但是這 個(gè)想法在美國社會(huì)每天都在挑戰(zhàn) 著我 們 的社會(huì)?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?，家庭是一個(gè)非常敏感的晴雨表，在社會(huì)，文化和經(jīng)濟(jì) 的美國 發(fā) 生了什么。為 了使 這 一點(diǎn)更加清晰，我們 將看看美國家庭已經(jīng) 從三個(gè)不同的 時(shí)間 段在 過 去的 50 年中 發(fā) 生了 變 化：有 1940 年代的mid-60

9、；到 80 年代中期；最后的禮物。社會(huì)學(xué)家巴巴拉達(dá)福 懷 特海 標(biāo)簽這 三個(gè) 時(shí) 期的 傳統(tǒng) 家族主 義時(shí) 期，個(gè)人主 義 的 時(shí) 期，和新家庭主義時(shí) 期。我將嘗試 在每個(gè) 時(shí) 期，展示如何經(jīng)濟(jì) ，人口和文化因素的互動(dòng) ，反 過 來，影響家庭。Well, let s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We retalking here of the twenty y ears from the mid- 1 940s to the mid-1960s. This was theperiod a

10、fter World War II, a period c haracterized by a very strong economy. Thisgave the Un ited States a rising standard of living and a growing mid dle class.Demographically, the predominant configurati on of the family from the se years wasthe traditional one: a married couple with children. Some women

11、worked, but divorcerates were low, and birth rates were high. I g uess you could say that the countryidealized the family i n these years, and what I mean is, there was a commitm ent to thefamily from its members and a reverence for it from society. TV programs of the eradepicted the family in the c

12、lassical configuration: working father, housewife, andchildren. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to socialnorms , greater m ale domination of the family than in the later periods , and clearcutgender roles, that is, clear and separate roles for men and women at

13、home and atwork. Well, things changed q uite a bit after this period.好吧， 讓 我 們 按 時(shí)間順 序，從 傳統(tǒng) 的家族。我們 在這 里的二十年，從上世紀(jì) 40 年代中期到60 年代中期。 這 是第二次世界大戰(zhàn) 后的 時(shí) 期，一個(gè)具有很強(qiáng)的 經(jīng)濟(jì) 周期。 這給 了美國一個(gè)日益增長 的生活水平和不斷增長 的中 產(chǎn)階級 。從人口 統(tǒng)計(jì) 學(xué)的角度看，從 這 些年來的家庭的主要結(jié) 構(gòu)是 傳統(tǒng) 的：一 對 夫 婦和孩子。有些婦 女工作，但離婚率低，出生率高。我想你可能會(huì)說 ， 這 個(gè)國家在這 幾年里是理想化的，我的意思是，對 家庭的承

14、諾 和 對 社會(huì)的崇敬。時(shí) 代的 電視節(jié) 目描寫了家庭中的古典形態(tài) ：工作的父 親 ，妻子和孩子。文化上，這 一 時(shí) 期的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：符合社會(huì)規(guī) 范，更大的男性統(tǒng) 治的家庭比在以后的 時(shí) 期，明確的性別 角色，即，明確和獨(dú)立的角色，在家里和工作的男人和女人。嗯 ，在 這 段 時(shí)間以后，事情發(fā) 生了很大變 化。Let s move on to the second period, the period of indivi dualism. This period is fromthe mid- 1 960s to the mid-1 980s. Now, because individualism

15、 is so often mention ed inour discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before wediscuss it. Individualism be ings to mind two other words: independence and selfreliance . Individualism conveys the idea that one shoul d think and act for himself orherself, according t

16、o what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused withe gotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much mo re. Individualism impliesthat one has the freedom to dec ide what is best rather than allowing the decision to bem ade by a group such as the community of society. Indivi dua

17、lism does, of course,conflict with the concept of com munity, which implies that the group shares inmaking d ecisions. And this conflict between the individualism an d the community isone that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the Untied States. Allright, let s get back to our dis

18、cussion about the family.讓 我 們 在第二個(gè)時(shí) 期，個(gè)人主義時(shí) 期。 這 一 時(shí) 期是從上世 紀(jì) 60 年代中期到上世紀(jì) 80 年代中期?，F(xiàn)在，因 為 個(gè)人主 義 是 經(jīng) 常在我 們 的美國文化和人們討論 中提到的，我應(yīng)該 在 這 里做一個(gè)小小的迂回在我 們討論 它。個(gè)人主義 的精神，另一個(gè)詞 ：獨(dú)立和自我依 賴 。個(gè)人主義 表達(dá)了一個(gè)人應(yīng)該為 自己或自己的想法和行為 ，根據(jù)一個(gè)人的感覺 是正確的。個(gè)人主 義 與利己主義 或自私很容易混淆，但在最好的意 義 上 說 ，它更是。個(gè)人主義 意味著你有自由決定什么是最好的，而不是讓 一個(gè)群體，如社會(huì)的社會(huì)。當(dāng)然，個(gè)人主義 與

19、共同體的概念相沖突，這 意味著在決策中的集團(tuán) 股份。個(gè)人與社會(huì)之間 的 這 種沖突是在我們 的演 講 系列中一次又一次出現(xiàn) 在美國的演 講 中。好吧，讓 我 們 回到我 們討論 的家庭。The second period, the period of individualism, saw thre e important social andpolitical movements. Do you have any idea which movements I might be talkingabout? Ke ep in mind that these decades were charact

20、erized by a la ck of conformity tosocial norms. Well, the movements I have in mind are the sexual revolution, in whichsex was clearly no longer reserved for marriage ; the women s l iberation movement;and the movement against the war i n Vietnam. All the three movements -the sexualrevolution, women

21、s liberation, and the anti war movement -were typical of thenonconforming nature of these decad es. Now culturally, it is in this period where wesee two i mportant developments: one, the idealization of one s ca reer and work and,two, the drive for selfexpression and selffulfillment. In this period,

22、 the feministmovement challen ged traditional gender roles and male domination of soci ety.Women began to enter professions previously closed to them like medicine, law, andmanagement. Men, for t heir part, began at least to consider a more active role in raising their children.其次，個(gè)人主義時(shí) 期，看到了三個(gè)重要的社會(huì)

23、和政治運(yùn) 動(dòng) 。你有什么想法，我可能會(huì)說 什么？ 記 住 這幾十年的特點(diǎn)是缺乏符合社會(huì)規(guī) 范的。 嗯 ，我的想法是性革命，在性生活中，性顯 然不再是為 了婚姻而保留，婦 女解放運(yùn)動(dòng) 和反 對 越南 戰(zhàn) 爭的運(yùn) 動(dòng) 。所有的三個(gè)動(dòng)作性革命，婦女解放運(yùn)動(dòng)和反戰(zhàn)運(yùn)動(dòng)-是典型的不合格性質(zhì) 的 這 些年。 現(xiàn) 在的文化，正是在 這 個(gè) 時(shí) 期中，我們 看到兩個(gè)重要的進(jìn) 展：一、理想化的人的職業(yè) 和工作，二、自我表現(xiàn) 和自我 實(shí)現(xiàn)的 驅(qū)動(dòng) 。在 這 一 時(shí) 期，女 權(quán) 運(yùn) 動(dòng) 挑 戰(zhàn) 了 傳統(tǒng) 的性 別角色和社會(huì)的男權(quán)統(tǒng) 治。 婦 女開始 進(jìn) 入 職業(yè) 以前關(guān)閉 他 們 的 藥 物，法律和管理。男人，因?yàn)?/p>

24、 他 們 的一部分，開始了至少在提高他們 的孩子的積 極作用。These cultural changes occurred during a time of econo mic changes, too. This was atime of rapidly rising cost o f living. Together, these forces changed the demographi csof the family. The former picture of the family had onl y one configuration: a marriedcouple with

25、children wher e Mother stayed home. The new picture of the family ha d toinclude new configurations , like families in which t he husband and wife both worked,familie s of single par ents with children, and families of cohabiting couples wi th orwithout children. With more women pursuing caree rs an

26、d making money, there wasless economic pressure for them to stay in an unsuitable marriage . Therefore, di vorcerates doubled in a decade . Rising divorce rate s an d more financial independence forwomen made marriag e a le ss attractive arrangement for many women. Conse quently,the number of single

27、-parent households tripled. Les s conformity to social nor mspaved the way for cohabitation. So the number of un married couples living together inthis period quadrupled . Can you see how economic, cultural, and demographic aspectsof the society interact with each other? I hope so. Well, let s conti

28、nue with ouragenda.這 些文化 變 遷 發(fā) 生在 經(jīng)濟(jì)變 化的 時(shí) 期。 這 是一個(gè)快速增 長 的生活成本的時(shí) 代。 這 些力量共同改變 了家庭的人口結(jié) 構(gòu)。前一張 照片的家庭只有一個(gè)配置：一個(gè)已婚夫婦 與孩子的母親 呆在家里。新的家庭照片要包括新的配置，如家庭中，丈夫和妻子都有工作，有孩子的單親 家庭，和同居有或沒有孩子的家庭。隨著越來越多的女性追求事業(yè) 和 賺錢 ，他 們 在婚姻中不存在經(jīng)濟(jì)壓 力。因此，在十年內(nèi)離婚率翻了一番。離婚率的上升以及女性的經(jīng)濟(jì) 獨(dú)立性使許多 婦 女 對 婚姻的吸引力不太大。因此，單親 家庭的數(shù)量翻了三倍。社會(huì)規(guī) 范的不整合為 同居 鋪 平了道路

29、。所以未婚同居這 一 時(shí)期的四倍。你能看到社會(huì)的經(jīng)濟(jì) 、文化和人口方面的互 動(dòng)嗎 ？我希望如此。好吧，讓 我 們繼續(xù) 我 們 的日程。The third period, the new familism, is harder to see beca use we are living in thisperiod now. And because we are constantly informed by the media about thedeterioratin g American family, it s hard to get an objective view of the sta

30、te of thefamily. I think that today most people ap plaud the social changes that came about inthe second p eriod of individualism. They are not willing to give up g ender equality,the freedom to leave an unsuitable marria ge, or the selffulfillment of an interestingjob. At the same time, most expert

31、s, if not most people, admit that children paid ahig h price for the social changes that took place in the seco nd period. It was thechildren who spent long days in day care or afterschool hours home alone while bothparents worked. An d it was the children who grew up with only one parent or withste

32、pparents in many cases .第三 階 段，新的家族，是很難 看到的因?yàn)?我 們 是生活在 這 個(gè) 時(shí) 期的 現(xiàn) 在。因 為 我 們經(jīng) 常被媒體告知美國家庭的不斷惡 化，很 難 得到一個(gè)客觀 的家庭的狀態(tài)觀 。我 認(rèn)為 ，今天大多數(shù)人都為 在個(gè)人主義 的第二個(gè) 時(shí) 期所 帶 來的社會(huì)變 革而鼓掌喝彩。他們 不愿意放棄兩性平等，離開不合適的婚姻，或自我實(shí)現(xiàn)有趣的工作的自由。同時(shí) ，大多數(shù)專 家，如果不是大多數(shù)的人，承認(rèn) ，孩子 們 付出了很高的價(jià)格為 社會(huì) 變 化， 發(fā) 生在二期。這 是孩子 們 在一天一天的照顧 或放學(xué)后獨(dú)自回家，同時(shí) 父母都在工作。這 是孩子 們 在成 長過

33、 程中只有一個(gè)父母或繼 父母在很多情況下。Some experts see changes occurring now in U.S. society, changes that affect thefamily. They see a continuing de cline in divorce rates since the 1980s but also adecline i n birth rates after an initial increase in the 1 980s. The d ecline in divorce ratescould be due to families

34、 b etter fin ancial situations. Despite the decline in divorce, aquarter of U.S. children today live with only one parent. The bi rth rate is probablydeclining because an increasing life s pan results in fewer women of childbearing age .A more encouraging reason is the reduction in unmarried teen p

35、regnancies . Expertsalso report an attempt by people to b alance work with family obligations, especiallythe care of children. They see the individualism of the middle pe riod changingsomewhat; the concern seems in many cas es to be shifting from one s career toone sfamilyf,rom individualism to the

36、new familism. The most optimistic view of thisthird period would be that Americans have l earned from past mistakes : they want toregain the com mitment to family of the first period and keep the equalit y andfulfillment of the second period. It will not be easy to re gain the commitment to thefamil

37、y of the first period. It will require changes in how society and the governmentl ook at the family. In families where both parents work, one parent may try to work athome or work only parttime to have more time for the children. Places of work mayoffer more flexible working hours and onsite day car

38、e to allow more time for parentsand children.For its part, the government could mandate parental lea ve, familyallowances, and quality day-care centers. Parental leave and family allowances woul dallow parents to stay home to look after their newborn children. Quality day carewould be adequately sta

39、f fed by profes sionals who stay at their j obs and with the samechildren year after year.一些 專 家看到美國社會(huì)現(xiàn) 在 發(fā) 生的 變 化，影響了家庭的 變 化。從上世紀(jì) 80 年代開始，他們 看到離婚率持 續(xù) 下降，出生率也在20世 紀(jì) 80年代初增長 后下降，離婚率下降可能是由于家庭經(jīng)濟(jì) 狀況更好。盡管離婚率下降，但今天一個(gè)美國兒童的生活中只有一個(gè)父母。出生率很可能是因?yàn)?在生育年齡 越少的育 齡婦 女，生育率會(huì)下降。更令人鼓舞的原因是未婚少女 懷 孕的減少。專 家 還報(bào) 告了人 們試圖 平衡與家庭

40、責(zé) 任，特 別 是照 顧 孩子的工作。他們 看到中期略有 變 化的個(gè)人主義 ；關(guān)注似乎在許 多情況下，可以從一個(gè)人的職業(yè) 生涯的一個(gè)家庭的轉(zhuǎn)變 ，從個(gè)人主 義 到新的家族。這 第三個(gè) 時(shí) 期最 樂觀 的看法是，美國人從過 去的 錯(cuò)誤 中吸取了教訓(xùn) ：他 們 希望重新獲 得第一 階 段的承 諾 ，并保持二段時(shí) 期的平等和滿足感。 這 將不容易恢復(fù)的第一個(gè)時(shí) 期的家庭的承諾 。 這 將需要社會(huì)和政府的變 化如何看待家庭。在父母工作的家庭中，父母可以嘗試在家里工作，或者只做兼職 工作，有更多的時(shí)間為 孩子 們 工作。工作 場 所可以提供更靈活的工作時(shí)間和 現(xiàn)場 的照 顧 ，讓 父母和孩子有更多的時(shí)間

41、 。政府可以命令父母的休假，家庭津貼 ，和 質(zhì) 量日 間護(hù) 理中心。產(chǎn) 假和家庭津 貼 會(huì) 讓 父母留在家里照顧 他 們 新生的孩子。優(yōu)質(zhì) 的一天 護(hù) 理工作人員 將有足 夠 的工作人員 留在他們 的工作，并與同一個(gè)孩子年復(fù)一年。None of these changes is guaranteed. But it seems clear that such changes or similarones are necessary to ensure a healthier U. S. family in the future; and, a healthierfa mily is neede

42、d to play the central role that family does i n every society. I vgeoneover a lot here, but if you want to pursue the topic furthe r, there are some referencesat the end ofthe lesson to hel p you do so.這 些 變 化沒有保證 。但很 顯 然， 這 些 變 化或 類 似的變 化是必要的，以確保一個(gè)健康的美國家庭在未來，和一個(gè)更健康的家庭是必要的，發(fā)揮 核心作用，家庭在每個(gè)社會(huì)。我在這 里已 經(jīng) 走

43、了很多，但是如果你想進(jìn) 一步地去追求這 個(gè) 話題 ，在 課 程 結(jié) 束時(shí) 有一些參考資 料可以幫助你。Chapter4 FamilyintheUnitedStatesA hundred years ago, one heard the same kinds of com ments about the Americanfamily that one hears today - in short, that the American family is disintegrating.Proof of this disintegration at the end of the nineteenth

44、 centur y included three points :the declining birth rate, a rising divorce rate, and evidence that women were notcomplet ely content with their domestic role. It s a little surprisin g to me that the sameclaim about the family is being ma de today -that it is disintegrating. And often thesame point

45、s are m entioned as proof: declining birth rates , increasing divor ce rates ,and discontent of women with domestic roles. Now, in no way do I mean to implythat cultural, demogr aphic, and economic conditions are the same now as the y were100 years ago. On the contrary, the very nature of the family

46、 has changed drasticallyin the last 50 years, n ot to mention the last 100 years. But I don t think the av erageperson s concept of the family has changed very much over the years. A lot ofpeoplehave one fixed idea of the family: a married couple where Mother stays hom e to carefor the children and

47、Father works. But this idea is challenged by what we see everyday in the U.S. societ y. To be sure, the family is a very sensitive barometer fo r what ishappening in the society, the culture, and the ec onomy of the United States. To makethis point clearer, we ltlake a look at how the American famil

48、y has chang ed in thelast 50 years by looking at three different time p eriods: there are the mid-1940s to themid-1 960s; the mid-60 to the mid80s; and finally the present. Sociologist BarbaraDafoe Whitehead labels theses three periods the period of tradi tional familism, theperiod of individualism,

49、 and the peri od of the new familism. I will try for each periodto showhow economic , demographic, and cultural elements int eract and, in turn,affec t the family .一百年前，一聽到關(guān)于美國家庭的意見 相同種 類 的人聽到今天-總 之，美國家庭的解體。在第十九世紀(jì) 末的 這 種分裂的 證 明包括三點(diǎn)：出生率下降，離婚率上升，并有 證 據(jù)表明，婦 女沒有完全滿 足其國內(nèi)的作用。這一點(diǎn)令我驚訝，關(guān)于家庭相同的 說法是，它是今天-崩解。同樣

50、 的 觀 點(diǎn)也被提及為 ：出生率下降，離婚率上升，女性對 家庭角色的不滿 。 現(xiàn) 在，我的意思是 說 ，在 100 年前，文化、人口和經(jīng)濟(jì) 條件是一樣的。相反，在過 去的 50 年里，家庭的性質(zhì)發(fā) 生了很大 變 化，而不是過 去的 100年。但我不認(rèn)為 普通人的家庭 觀 念在 過 去幾年里發(fā) 生了很大變 化。很多人都有一個(gè)固定的家庭觀 念：一 對 已婚夫 婦 ，母 親 留在家里照顧 孩子和父親 的工作。但是這 個(gè)想法在美國社會(huì)每天都在挑戰(zhàn) 著我 們 的社會(huì)?？梢钥隙ǖ氖?，家庭是一個(gè)非常敏感的晴雨表，在社會(huì)，文化和經(jīng)濟(jì) 的美國 發(fā) 生了什么。為 了使 這 一點(diǎn)更加清晰，我們 將看看美國家庭已經(jīng)

51、從三個(gè)不同的 時(shí)間 段在 過 去的 50 年中 發(fā) 生了 變 化：有 1940 年代的 mid-60；到80 年代中期；最后的禮物。社會(huì)學(xué)家巴巴拉達(dá)福 懷 特海 標(biāo)簽這 三個(gè) 時(shí) 期的 傳統(tǒng) 家族主 義時(shí) 期，個(gè)人主 義 的 時(shí) 期，和新家庭主義時(shí) 期。我將嘗試 在每個(gè) 時(shí) 期，展示如何經(jīng)濟(jì) ，人口和文化因素的互動(dòng) ，反 過 來，影響家庭。Well, let s proceed in chronological order and start with traditional familism. We retalking here of the twenty y ears from the m

52、id- 1 940s to the mid-1960s. This was theperiod after World War II, a period c haracterized by a very strong economy. Thisgave the Un ited States a rising standard of living and a growing mid dle class.Demographically, the predominant configurati on of the family from the se years wasthe traditional

53、 one: a married couple with children. Some women worked, but divorcerates were low, and birth rates were high. I g uess you could say that the countryidealized the family i n these years, and what I mean is, there was a commitm ent to thefamily from its members and a reverence for it from society. T

54、V programs of the eradepicted the family in the classical configuration: working father, housewife, andchildren. Culturally, three characteristics stand out in this period: conformity to socialnorms , greater m ale domination of the family than in the later periods , a nd clearcutgender roles, that

55、is, clear and separate roles for men and women at home and atwork. Well, things changed q uite a bit after this period.好吧， 讓 我 們 按 時(shí)間順 序，從 傳統(tǒng) 的家族。我們 在這 里的二十年，從上世紀(jì) 40 年代中期到60 年代中期。 這 是第二次世界大戰(zhàn) 后的 時(shí) 期，一個(gè)具有很強(qiáng)的 經(jīng)濟(jì) 周期。 這給 了美國一個(gè)日益增長 的生活水平和不斷增長 的中 產(chǎn)階級 。從人口 統(tǒng)計(jì) 學(xué)的角度看，從 這 些年來的家庭的主要結(jié) 構(gòu)是 傳統(tǒng) 的：一 對 夫 婦和孩子。有些婦 女工作，

56、但離婚率低，出生率高。我想你可能會(huì)說 ， 這 個(gè)國家在這 幾年里是理想化的，我的意思是，對 家庭的承諾 和 對 社會(huì)的崇敬。時(shí) 代的 電視節(jié) 目描寫了家庭中的古典形態(tài) ：工作的父 親 ，妻子和孩子。文化上，這 一 時(shí) 期的三個(gè)特點(diǎn)：符合社會(huì)規(guī) 范，更大的男性統(tǒng) 治的家庭比在以后的 時(shí) 期，明確的性別 角色，即，明確和獨(dú)立的角色，在家里和工作的男人和女人。嗯 ，在 這 段 時(shí)間以后，事情發(fā) 生了很大變 化。Let s move on to the second period, the period of indivi dualism. This period is fromthe mid- 1

57、960s to the mid-1 980s. Now, because individualism is so often mention ed inour discussion of U.S. culture and people, I should make a little detour here before wediscuss it. Individualism be ings to mind two other words: independence and selfreliance . Individualism conveys the idea that one shoul

58、d think and act for himself orherself, according to what one feels is right. Individualism is easily confused withe gotism or selfishness, but in its best sense, it is much mo re. Individualism impliesthat one has the freedom to dec ide what is best rather than allowing the decision to bem ade by a

59、group such as the community of society. Indivi dualism does, of course,conflict with the concept of com munity, which implies that the group shares inmaking d ecisions. And this conflict between the individualism an d the community isone that comes up again and again in our lecture series about the

60、Untied States. Allright, let s get back to our discussion about the family.讓 我 們 在第二個(gè)時(shí) 期，個(gè)人主義時(shí) 期。 這 一 時(shí) 期是從上世 紀(jì) 60 年代中期到上世紀(jì) 80 年代中期。現(xiàn)在，因 為 個(gè)人主 義 是 經(jīng) 常在我 們 的美國文化和人們討論 中提到的，我應(yīng)該 在 這 里做一個(gè)小小的迂回在我 們討論 它。個(gè)人主義 的精神，另一個(gè)詞 ：獨(dú)立和自我依 賴 。個(gè)人主義 表達(dá)了一個(gè)人應(yīng)該為 自己或自己的想法和行為 ，根據(jù)一個(gè)人的感覺 是正確的。個(gè)人主 義 與利己主義 或自私很容易混淆，但在最好的意 義 上 說 ，它